Intro and posture

Question 1

Osteokinematics

Answer 1

Motion occurring at a joint

- movement of bones around a joint axis

Question 2

Arthrokinematics

Answer 2

Accessory motion in the joint

• specific to movement at the joint surface
• roll, glide, spin

Question 3

Parallel fibers

Answer 3

Arrangement of muscle fibers that tend to be longer and have a greater range of motion potential

Question 4

Triangular muscle

Answer 4

Muscles that are flat and fan-shaped with fibers radiating from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachement at the other

Question 5

Bipennate muscle

Answer 5

Muscles that look like that of a common feather

- muscle fibers are obliquely attached to both sides of a central tendon

Question 6

Oblique muscle fibers

Answer 6

Arrangement of muscle fibers that tend to be shorter but more numerous per given area than parallel fibers; therefore giving them more strength potential but smaller range of motion potential

Question 7

Fusiform muscle

Answer 7

Muscles witha shape similar to that of a spindle (wider in the middle and tapers at both ends where it attaches to tendons)

Question 8

Unipennate muscle

Answer 8

Muscles that look like one side of a feather

- short fibers attach diagonally along the length of a central tendon

Question 9

Rhomboidal muscle

Answer 9

Muscles that are four-sided, usually flat with broad attachements at each end

Question 10

Strap muscle

Answer 10

Muscles that are long and thin with fibers running the entire length of the muscle

Question 11

Multipennate muscle

Answer 11

Muscles with many tendons with oblique fibers in between

Question 12

Irritabililty

Answer 12

Ability of mm to respond to stimulus

Question 13

Extensibility

Answer 13

Mm ability to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied

Question 14

Elasticity

Answer 14

Mm ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when the stretching or shortening force is removed

Question 15

Contractility

Answer 15

Mm ability to shorten when it received adequate stimulation

Question 16

Tone

Answer 16

State of readiness that allows the mm to act more easily and quickly when needed
- present in a mm at all times

Question 17

Excursion

Answer 17

Distance form max elongation (1.5 times as far as it can shorten) to max shortening (1/2 resting length)

Question 18

Agonist

Answer 18

Prime mover

- muscle or mm group that causes the motion

Question 19

Assisting mover

Answer 19

Mm tat is not as effective but does assist in providing the motion

Question 20

Antagonist

Answer 20

Mm that performs the opposite motion of the agonist

Question 21

Synergist

Answer 21

Mm that works with one or more other mm to enhance a particular motion

Question 22

Stabilizer

Answer 22

Mm or mm group that supports a part and allows the agonist to work more efficiently

Question 23

Cocontraction

Answer 23

When the antagonist contracts at the same time as the agonist, a cocontraction results.
- common when a person learns a task, and they tended to disappear once a task is learned

Question 24

Neutralizer

Answer 24

When a mm can do 2+ action but only one is wanted, neutralizer contracts to prevent unwanted motion

Question 25

Determination of mm

Answer 25

1. Size 2. Angle of pull 3. Leverage 4. Contractile potential

Question 26

Isometric contraction

Answer 26

Mm contracts, producing force without changing the length of a mm - gravity is not a factor - mm attachements do not move - neither acceleration nor deceleration

Question 27

Concentric contraction

Answer 27

Occurs when there is a joint movement, the muscle shorten, and the mm attachments move toward each other - usually occurring against gravity (raising motion) - acceleration activity

Question 28

Eccentric contraction

Answer 28

Joint motion but the mm appears to lengthen, muscle attachments separate - usually occurs with gravity (lowering motion) - decelerate movement caused by gravity

Question 29

Isotonic contraction

Answer 29

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Question 30

Isokinetic contraction

Answer 30

The speed of the motion stays the same for the duration of the contraction and resistance either increases or decreased (Think machine that controls speed, harder you push more force, less you push less force)

Question 31

Active insufficiency

Answer 31

The inability of a biarticular mm to contract sufficiently to move through the full ROM at both joints - occurs to agonist

Question 32

Passive insufficiency

Answer 32

The inability of a biarticulate mm to elongate sufficiently to move through the full ROM at both joints - occurs to the antagonist

Question 33

Posture

Answer 33

The orientation of body parts relative to one another at any give time - static posture affects dynamic motion - correlation to pathologies - good posture = good alignment

Question 34

Postural assessment

Answer 34

- position relative to neutral (anatomical and fundamental) - address each plane of motion available to joint in question - systemic progression from cranial to caudal - ONLY accepted terminology

Question 35

Position affects load

Answer 35

- supine 25% - side lying 75% - standing 100% - forward flexed 150% - FF with weight 220% - sitting 140% - slouched sitting 185% - SS with weight 275%

Question 36

Lateral postural assessment

Answer 36

- head: through ear lobe - shoulder: tip of the acromion process - T/S: anterior to vertebrae - L/S: through vertebral bodies - pelvis: level ASIS and PSIS alignment - hip: through greater trochanter - knee: slightly posterior to the patella - ankle: anterior to lateral malleolus

Question 37

Common sagittal deviations

Answer 37

- forward head - excessive or reduced spinal curves - rounded/forward shoulders - anterior or posterior pelvic tilt - genu recuvatum or flexed knee - plantar or dorsiflexed ankle, altered longitudinal arch

Question 38

Anterior postural assessment

Answer 38

- head: level - shoulders: bilaterally equal - sternum: vertical - hips/pelvis: level in line with both ASIS - legs: slightly apart - knees: level without increased varus or valgus position - ankles: neutral arch - feet: slightly outward toeing

Question 39

Common frontal deviations

Answer 39

- head laterally flexed, rotated; asymmetrical mandible - elevated or depressed shoulders - lateral flexion or rotation of spine - rotated/elevated or depressed pelvis - internally/externally rotated or abducted/addicted hips - genu varum/valgum of knees - hallux valgus, claw/hammer/mallet toes