Intro B

Question 1

what is entheses

Answer 1

deterioration of the tendon where it attaches to the bone

Question 2

what is tendinopathy

Answer 2

bothtendon inflammation andsmall tears that sometimes develop intissue surrounding the tendon

Question 3

2 types of tendon tears

Answer 3

partial or complete

Question 4

sono signs of tear (5)

Answer 4

discontinuity of fibres 
focal thinning tendon 
hematoma 
bone fragments 
nonvisualization of retracted tendon

Question 5

what is tendinosis

Answer 5

degeneration of the tendon’s collagen in response to chronic overuse without signs of inflammation

Question 6

sono appearance of tendinosis

Answer 6

areas of decreased echo and tendon enlargement

Question 7

what is enthesopathy

Answer 7

pathologic change of the insertion of tendons, ligaments and joint capsules on the bone

Question 8

sono appearance of enthesopathy

Answer 8

swollen hypo echoic insertion
calcifications if chronic
bursitis

Question 9

what is tendinitis

Answer 9

inflammation or irritation of a tendon

Question 10

Sonoappearance of tendonitis

Answer 10

thickened tendon 
decreased echoes 
blurred margin 
increased colour flow 
calcification and deformed margins if chronic

Question 11

what is tenosynovitis

Answer 11

pain andinflammationin a tendon sheath

Question 12

What is acute tenosynovitis appearance

Answer 12

fluid in the sheath and internal echoes (debris

Question 13

What is chronic tenosynovitis appearance

Answer 13

hypo echoic thickening of sheath and no fluid

Question 14

symptoms of bursitis

Answer 14

localized pain or swelling, tenderness, and pain with motion of the tissues in the affected area

Question 15

normal bursa appearance

Answer 15

thin hypoechoic line no more than 1–2mm in height with hyperechoic boundaries reflective of a fluid tissue interface

Question 16

acute bursitis appearance

Answer 16

sonolucent fluid filled collection with poorly defined margins

Question 17

chronic bursitis appearance

Answer 17

complex, internal debris, increased colour flow in thickened wall

Question 18

what is arthritis

Answer 18

inflammation of one or more joints

Question 19

what is rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 19

chronic progressive inflammatory autoimmune disease mainly affecting peripheral synovial joints
can affect heart, blood vessel and skin too

Question 20

what is associated with accelerated rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 20

high level of rheumatoid factor in the body fluids

Question 21

what joints are most commonly affected by rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 21

hands and feet

Question 22

rheumatoid arthritis leads to growth of what tissue and what is the result of this

Answer 22

growth of inflammatory granulation tissue, pannus, distorts the joint and destroys articular cartilage, exposing the bone below and causing further damage. Fibrosis of the pannus reduces joint mobility

Question 23

agressive rheumatoid arthritis leads to growth of nodules called

Answer 23

rheumatoid nodules

Question 24

what is osteoarthritis

Answer 24

degenerative non-inflammatory disease that results in pain and restricted movement of affected joints
cartilage becomes thinner and bones come in contact

Question 25

who is osteoarthritis most common in

Answer 25

majority over 65s showing some form of it

Question 26

osteoarthritis leads to what

Answer 26

abnormal outgrowth of cartilage at the edges of bones becomes ossified, forming osteophytes.

Question 27

osteoarthritis affects what type of joints

Answer 27

affects large weight-bearing joints, (hips, knees etc)

Question 28

what tissue is affected by osteoarthritis

Answer 28

articular cartilage

Question 29

what tissue is affected by rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 29

synovial membrane

Question 30

what is gout caused by

Answer 30

deposition of sodium urate crystals in joints and tendons, provoking an acute inflammatory response

Question 31

primary gout associated with

Answer 31

reduced ability to excrete urate or increased urate production

Question 32

does gout usually affect by joints?

Answer 32

no , only one (mono arthritis)

Question 33

what joints are most commonly affected by gout

Answer 33

metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe and the ankle, knee, wrist and elbow joints

Question 34

sono appearance of effusions

Answer 34

black collections of fluid within the joint space | presence of irregular internal echoes or material may indicate pus, fibrinous material, or a complicated effusion

Question 35

What is osteomyelitis

Answer 35

bacterial infection of bone often from a blood born infection entering surgery sit or fracture

Question 36

benign tumors of cartilage tend to

Answer 36

undergo malignant change

Question 37

giant cell tumour appearance

Answer 37

varied appearance, increased vast, posterior enhancement

Question 38

what is osteochondroma

Answer 38

part of the growth plate which separates and continues growing independently, without an associated epiphysis, usually away from the nearby  capped by hyaline cartilage

Question 39

what percent of bone tumours does osteochondroma account for

Answer 39

10-15%

Question 40

appearance of osteochrondroma cartilage cap

Answer 40

hypoechoic region bounded by bone on its deep surface and muscle / fat superficially

Question 41

Chondrosarcoma occurs in what age group

Answer 41

40-70 years

Question 42

appearance of fracture

Answer 42

appear as a sharp discontinuity of the bright line of boney cortex. Sometimes hypoechoic hematoma/effusion of the immediately surrounding soft tissue is visible as well