INTRO, BLOOD GRUP IMMUNOLOGY AND GENETICS Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
First blood transfusion was given to
A
Pope Innocent VII
2
Q
He recommended sodium phosphate ; first example of blood preservation research
A
Braxton Hicks
3
Q
Discovered the ABO blood groups ; explained the serious reactions that occur in human as a result of incompatible transfusion
A
Karl Landsteiner
4
Q
First to succeed in making devices designed for performing the transfusions ; vein-to vein transfusion of blood by using multiple syringes and a special cannula for puncturing the vein through the skin
A
Edward E. Lindemann
5
Q
Syringe-valve apparatus that transfusions from donor to patient by an unassisted physician became practical
A
Unger
6
Q
The use of sodium citrate as an anticoagulant solution for transfusions
A
Hustin
7
Q
Determine the minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its non-toxicity in small amounts
A
Lewisohn
8
Q
Refers to the genetically encoded antigen system on the erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, and plasma
A
Blood group antigens
9
Q
Glycolipid
A
ABO
10
Q
GLYCOPROTEIN
A
LEWIS
11
Q
Rare/family/private antigen (KELL)
A
Low incidence
12
Q
Public/common (cellano)
A
High incidence
13
Q
Most to least immunogenic blood group antigen
A
ABO>RhD>K>Fya> common Rh Ag
14
Q
Reacts with an antigen on the patients own cells
A
Autoantibody
15
Q
Reacts with a foreign antigen not present on the patients own erythrocytes
A
Alloantibody
16
Q
Antigenic stimulus is unknown
A
Naturally occurring
17
Q
Individual was exposed to a biochemical structure similar to A or B antigens present in the environment (Bacteria, pollen, and plants)
A
Non-RBC stimulated antibody
18
Q
Produced as the result of immunization to foreign erythrocyte antigens by exposure through transfusion of blood components of through pregnancy
A
Immune antibody
19
Q
Room temp or cold reacting immunoglobulin ; big ; agglutinates ; cannot cross placenta
A
IgM
20
Q
Reacts at body temp ; cannot agglutinate ; small ; can cross placenta
A
IgG
21
Q
Number of molecules of IgM needed to activate complement
A
1 molecule
22
Q
Number of molecules of IgG needed to activate complement
A
2 molecules
23
Q
Blood groups associated with IgG
(Rich Dairy Kid (can) K(e)ll Sir - Greg)
A
RH
DUFFY
KID
KELL
Ss
24
Q
Conversion of polymeric antibody into monomeric antibody
A
Reduction of antibody
25
2 reagents that can destroy joining chain of antibodies (antibody reduction)
2-mercapthoethanol (2-ME)
Dithiothreitol (DTT)
26
Phenomenon in which red cells from homozygous people posses more antigens per red cell than do cells from heterozygous people
Dosage effect
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Blood groups that demonstrate dosage effect
MNSs, Duffy, Kidd, Rh (except D), Lutheran
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At what state will the red cells demonstrate a higher degree of reaction (4+)
Homozygous (M+N-)
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At what state will the red cells demonstrate a lower degree of reaction
Heterozygous (M+N+)
30
Antigen-antibody reaction pH
Neutral (pH 6.5-7.5)
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Antibody that can react both at warm and cold temperature (BIPHASIC)
Autoanti-p (DONATH-LANDSTEINER antibody)
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Antigen-antibody reaction : Under-centrifugation
False negative
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Antigen-antibody reaction : overcentrifugation
False positive
34
Negative charge source of RBC
SIALIC ACID
35
Distance between one red cell to another red cell
Zeta potential
36
Enhancement medium are reagent that enhances the detection of _____ antibodies by increasing their reactivity ; reduces the ______ ; may enhance _____ or ______ promote _______
IgG ; zeta potential ; antibody uptake ; promote direct agglutination
37
Aka potentiator
Enhancement medium
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increases the dielectric constant (a measure of electrical conductivity), which then reduces the zeta potential of the RBC
Protein medium
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Increased concentration promotes rouleaux formation ; cheapest ; longest incubation time of 15/30-60 mins
22% or 30% bovine serum albumin
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Removes water molecule in the environment
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
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Hydrophilic polar heads of lipid molecules making up the outer cell membrane bilayer attract water molecules
Polyethylene glycol
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Polyethylene glycol (PEG) incubation
10-30 mins
43
More effective than albumin, LISS for detection of weak antibodies
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
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PROTEIN MEDIUM (4)
22% or 30% bovine serum albumin
PEG
Protamine
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
45
LISS generally contains _________
0.2% sodium chloride + glycine
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Decreases the ionic strength of a reaction medium, which reduces the zeta potential and therefore allows antibodies to react more efficiently with RBC membrane antigens
Low Ionic Strength Solution (LISS)
47
LISS incubation
5-15 mins
48
Use of Enzymes targets the ______, protein molecule
SIALIC component
49
Blood group antigens enhanced by enzymes
RH, Kidd, p1, Lewi, and I antigens
50
Blood group antigens destroyed by enzymes
Fya, Fyb, M, N, S antigens
51
Examples of enzymes used as enhancement media
Papain - papaya
Ricin - pig stomach
Trypsin - fig plant
Bromelain - pineapple
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Discovered AHG in 1945
Coombs, Mourant and Race
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Aka Coombs test
AHG
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Detects the antibody and complement protein that have attached to the RBC
AHG /COOMBS TEST
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Involved the injection of human serum into rabbits to produce antihuman serum
AHG/Coombs test
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Universal color of AHG
GREEN
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Detects in vivo sensitization of RBC with IgG/ complement components ; HDFN , HTR (hemolytic transfusion reaction), AIHA (autoimmune hemolytic anemia) ; incubation is NOT REQUIRED
DIRECT AHG
58
Removes free / unbound antibody
Washing of RBC
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Free or unbound antibody causes false ____ result
FALSE NEGATIVE
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Red cells with attached anitibody ; added to AHG negative result ; Serves as a bridge between incomplete antibodies ; cross links cells together ; only binds to antibody present on red cells
AHG
61
If AHG was not used due to absence of antibody on red cells (no agglutination was observed - negative), what is added next?
Check cells/ Coombs cells
62
IgG coated cells that react to unused AHG from the previous negative reaction resulting to agglutination
Check cells / Coombs cells
63
After the addition of check cells to a negative reaction and agglutination was observed, the result is interpreted as
Valid
64
After the addition of check cells to a negative reaction and no agglutination was observed, the result is interpreted as
Invalid
65
Sample of choice for DAT
EDTA
66
Antigen-antibody reaction will trigger complement to ___ red cells
Lyse
67
Neutralizes (consumes) antihuman globulin causing false negative DAT results (washed RBC was not used)
Free / unbound antibody
68
Detects IN VITRO sensitization of RBC
Indirect AHG
69
Used for unexpected/immune antibodies (Rh antibodies)
Antibody detection, identification, and titration
70
Red cell phenotyping and cross matching use what AHG method
Indirect AHG
71
Purpose of incubation
To promote antigen-antibody reaction
72
Incubate anti-sera
Wash 3x
Add AHG reagent
Add checks cells if negative
Patient red cells
73
Incubate RGT red cells
Wash 3x
Add AHG reagent
Add checks cells if negative
Patient serum
74
AHG reagent that contains antibody to human IgG and to the C3d component of human complement
Polyspecific AHG
75
AHG reagent that contains ONLY ONE antibody speficity; either anti-IgG or antibody to specific components of complement, such as C3b or C3d
Monospecific AHG
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AHG PREP: Mixture of antibodies from DIFFERENT plasma cell clones ; recognize DIFFERENT antigenic determinants (epitopes), or the same portion of the antigen but with different affinities ; commonly prepared using RABBITS
Polyclonal
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AHG PREP: Derived from ONE clone of plasma cells and recognize a single epitope ; commonly prepared using MICE
Monoclonal
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Cell to serum ratio
1:40 or 1gtt/2gtt
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AHG Test Centrifugation
100 rcf for 20 seconds
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DAT detect a level of ____ to ___ IgG molecules per RBC and 400 to 1,100 molecules of C3d per RBC
100 to 500 IgG molecules
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IAT : there must be between ____ to ____ IgG or C3 molecules on the cell to obtain a POSITIVE reaction
100 to 200 IgG C3 molecules
82
A positive result ; antibody-mediated CLUMPING of particles that express antigen on the surface
Agglutination
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RUPTURE OF RED cells with release of intracellular hemoglobin
Hemolysis
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Formation of an INSOLUBLE COMPLEX when soluble reacts with soluble antibody
Precipitation
85
The single most important in vitro immunologic reaction in blood banking ; the ENDPOINT of almost all test systems designed to detect RBC antigens and antibodies
Specific hemagglutination
86
SEROLOGIC GRADING : One solid agglutinate with clear background
Grading: 4+
Score: 10
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SEROLOGIC GRADING : Several Medium to Large agglutinate with clear background
Grading: 3+
Score: 8
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SEROLOGIC GRADING: Medium-sized agglutinates with clear background
Grading: 2+
Score: 5
89
SEROLOGIC GRADING: Medium-sized agglutinates with clear background
Grading: 2+
Score: 5
90
SEROLOGIC GRADING : Small agglutinates with a turbid background
Grading: 1+
Score: 3
91
SEROLOGIC GRADING: tiny agglutinates with turbid background
Grading: w+
Score: 1
92
SEROLOGIC GRADING : No agglutination or hemolysis
Grading: 0
Score: 0
93
SEROLOGIC GRADING : Small agglutinates within predominantly unagglutinated red cells
Grading: mf (mixed field)
Score: NA
94
SEROLOGIC GRADING : Hemolysis
Grading: H
Score: 10
95
SEROLOGIC GRADING : Partial hemolysis
Grading: PH
Score:-
96
Unit of inheritance that encodes a particular protein
Gene
97
Structures within the nucleus that contain DNA
Chromosome
98
Hemolysis is considered as a positive result if the sample used is ______
Serum
99
Differentiates rouleaux (false positive) from agglutination
NSS
100
Illustrates the probabilities of phenotypes from known genotypes
Punnett square
101
Site of a gene chromosome
Locus
102
Alternate forms of a gene at a given locus
Allele
103
Opposite antigens encoded at the same locus
Antithetical
104
Refers to having two or more alleles at a given locus
Polymorphic
105
Equal expression of two differnt inherited alleles
Codominant
106
Gene that does not produce any detectable trait
Amorph
107
Gene that suppresses the expression of another gene
Suppressor gene
108
Examples of Amorph gene
O-Gene - blood type O
H-Gene - Bombay phenotype
109
MENDEL’S LAW OF INHERITANCE : Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters ; Alleles are different version of genes that impart the same characteristic
Law of segregation
110
MENDEL’S LAW OF INHERITANCE : Genes for different traits are inherited separately from each other
Law of independent assortment
