Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cell Bio > Intro/Carbs - Exam 1 > Flashcards

Intro/Carbs - Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

definition of homeostasis

A

expenditure of energy to reassume the ordered state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cytoplasm allows cells to be

A

isolated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the exchange of heat, oxygen, waste, nutrients, etc. describes an

A

open system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

6 components of a biological membrane

A

lipids, proteins, carbs, water, divalent cations (2+ charge), cholesterin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

inner mitochondrial membrane has a high concentration of ______ because …….

A

proteins; transport between mitochondria & membrane via ETC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

gram positive bacteria has a high concentration of ______ because ………

A

protein; microtubules manipulate membrane for movement and division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

eukaryotic cell consists of which membranes

A

plasma membrane, nuclear membrane (in/out), ER and Golgi Apparatus membranes, mitochondrial membrane (in/out), peroxisomes, lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

purpose of the nucleus

A

genetic information, transcription, hormone receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

purpose of the ER

A

synthesis of proteins, lipids, calcium store, post translational modifications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

purpose of the Golgi apparatus

A

protein processing, post translational modifications, polysaccharide synthesis, phosphorylation, packing of proteins for transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

purpose of the mitochondria

A

oxidation of carbs and lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

purpose of lysosomes

A

digestion of macromolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

purpose of peroxisomes

A

oxidation of organic molecules, catalase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which 3 cycles play a role in cellular metabolism

A

glycolysis, CAC, ETC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ATP stands for ______ ; function

A

adenosine triphosphate; energy in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when ATP releases it’s energy it becomes

A

ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what 2 metabolic intermediates are converted into ATP

A

NADH, FADH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the functions of carbs; general formula

A

energy source, energy storage, communication, cell wall of bacteria; (CH2O)3-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

synonyms for carbs

A

___saccharides, glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2 main carbs are

A

ribose, glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ribose shape

A

5 carbon (pentose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

glucose shape

A

6 carbon (hexose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

in aqueous solution, what happens to glucose

A

switches between alpha ring, beta ring, and open chain forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is an isomer ; examples

A

same chemical formula, different arrangement ; i.e.: fructose, glucose, mannose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is an enantiomer ; examples
mirror image of same molecule ; i.e.: D&L sugars
26
what is a sugar derivative
replacement of a single OH group by another group
27
what bonds link monosaccharides ; what is lost in the process
glycosidic bonds ; H2O
28
oligosaccharides contain how many monosaccharides
3-10
29
polysaccharides contain how many monosaccharides
>10
30
galactose + glucose =
lactose
31
where does carb digestion start ; via what enzyme
mouth & intestinal lumen ; amylase (ptyalin)
32
what are 4 main carbs we ingest
starch, glycogen, saccharose, & lactose
33
where is the 2nd step of carb digestion
pancreas
34
where is the 3rd step of carb digestion
intestinal mucosa (surface)
35
where are carbs absorbed ; via which transport mechanisms
cytosol (duodenum, upper jejunum) ; SGLT1, GLUT 5, & GLUT 2
36
what is SGLT1
facilitated carrier for sodium glucose transport
37
what is GLUT 5 & GLUT 2
facilitated carrier for glucose but doesn't use sodium, insulin induced, tissue specific
38
what exactly is lactose intolerance
abnormal degradation of disaccharides (actually goes into the large intestine, pulls water, which causes the symptoms)
39
why is lactose intolerance age related
as you get older the enzymes are either reduced or deficient so unable to break down lactose as well
40
what is oxidation
loses electron
41
what is reduction
gains electron
42
what are catabolic pathways
breakdown of large energy molecules to make small, energy poor byproducts
43
what are anabolic pathways
build up of small molecules to make complex ones; requires energy
44
what is GK and how does it work
glucokinase ; helps convert glucose into pyruvate in the cytosol, active when glucose present, when not present will go back to the nucleus and bind to GKRP (glucokinase regulatory protein) and become inactive
45
what is anaerobic glycolysis
cytosol; glucose -> 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH -> 2 ATP; lactic acid fermentation
46
which cells use anaerobic glycolysis
RBC and muscle cells
47
what is aerobic glycolysis ; what tissues use it
mitochondria; 1 glucose -> 2 pyruvate -> 8 NADH + 2 FADH + 2 GTP (net ATP is 36!!) ; neurons, liver & muscle cells
48
activation of glycolysis via _______ ; example
phosphorylation ; insulin (quick)
49
inhibition of glycolysis via _______ ; example
dephosphorylation ; glucagon (quick)
50
hormonal regulation of glycolysis
long-lasting
51
what are other names for the TCA cycle and what does it do
Citric Acid Cycle/Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle/Kreb's Cycle ; carbs, fatty acids, and amino acids converge "traffic circle" near ETC (inner membrane -> matrix of mitochondria), aerobic, delivers reduced NADH and FADH2
52
5 energy events that occur in the mitochondria
TCA, ETC, ATP synthesis, Beta oxidation, pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA
53
what does the respiratory chain consist of and where does it occur
3 transmembrane enzymatic complexes + 2 mobile electron carriers ; inner mitochondrial membrane
54
proton pump process
proton from intermembrane space -> proton channel (F0) -> ATP synthase (F1) -> matrix
55
proton pump reversal process
proton from matrix -> ATP hydrolysis -> intermembrane space
56
what is gluconeogenesis
the production of glucose from non-sugar molecules (amino acids, lactate, glycerol)
57
when do we use gluconeogenesis
prolonged fast (because hepatic glycogen stores are used up)
58
tissues that use gluconeogenesis
liver and kidney
59
what is the Cori cycle
lactate from exercising muscles or RBC converted to glucose (pyruvate) in the liver
60
characteristics of glucogenic amino acids
used as substrate 1st in TCA cycle then used in gluconeogenesis 2nd as oxaloacetate
61
examples of ketoacids
anything that ends in "ine" or "ate"
62
what happens to glycerol during gluconeogenesis
released during the hydrolysis of TAGs in adipose tissue and enters the cycle as glycerol phosphate
63
which 4 reactions are unique in gluconeogenesis
pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase, Fructose 1 6 bisphosphatase, Glucose 6 phosphatase
64
what is glucagon and how does it stimulate gluconeogenesis
hormone from pancreas; modifies enzyme activity & induces enzyme synthesis
65
what is glycogenesis, where does it occur, what does it need
store glucose as glycogen in order to mobilize it when needed (no food) "back-up"; cytosol; ATP & UTP
66
what tissues in the body store glycogen through glycogenesis
skeletal muscle & liver
67
what is glycogen
polysaccharide made of D glucose
68
insulin effect on carb metabolism
increase glycogenesis ; decrease glycogenolysis
69
glucagon/epinephrine effect on carb metabolism
increase glycogenolysis; decrease glycogenesis
70
what is the hexose pathway also known as, where does it occur, and what does it do
pentose phosphate cycle; cytosol; produces ribose for DNA/RNA synthesis, used in liver/fat/RBC, produces a lot of NADPH for fatty acid/steroid synthesis, drug metabolism, etc.
71
what is the respiratory burst
in phagocytic cells (steps: chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, destruction) to break apart bacteria
72
what is an aldose
contain an aldehyde group
73
which steps of glycolysis require an investment of energy
1-3
74
what is the irreversible, rate limiting step of glycolysis
phosphorylation of fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate
75
what is the first step of the TCA cycle
oxaloacetate -> citric acid

Cell Bio (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions