Intro - Ch. 1-2

Question 1

is development ____________ or _____________? (3)

Answer 1

quantitative or qualitative
continuous or discontinuous
genetics or environment

Question 2

world view

Answer 2

the way view are framed/how psychological theories think about the world

Question 3

theories are…

s/ra/sr/eo

Answer 3

1) a set of ideals or organizing principles

2) relevant assumptions based on beliefs about a phenomenon

3) systematically related to each other

4) empirical/operational definitions

Question 4

developmental theories allow us to…
d/e/p

Answer 4

describe
explain
predict

Question 5

development takes place in three domains…
c/s/p

Answer 5

cognitive
social
physical

they all interact!

Question 6

feagans, kipp, and blood (OM moms rated)

Answer 6

looked at OM in good/medium/poor quality daycares. 1-1.5 year olds
divided them into chronic OM groups and those unaffected
observed them with picture book readings, watched how often they went off task and gave mothers a questionnaire to rate their children’s ability to pay attention
mothers of chromic OM rated them as less attentive, when in reality kids in poorest daycare were.

Question 7

age-graded

Answer 7

changes that happen at a typical age

Question 8

history-graded/cohort effects

Answer 8

changes that happen at a particular time

Question 9

cohort

Answer 9

people born at the same time (ex; millennials)

Question 10

non-normative influence

Answer 10

changes that don’t happen to a majority of people (ex; my gymnastics career)

Question 11

multidimensional/multidirectional

Answer 11

while advancing in development, you can also regress in cognitive, physical, and social ways (ex; teen buzz)

Question 12

organismic theories (butterfly)

Answer 12

STAGES, there is qualitative change, and everybody is heading toward a defined goal. big on active development (ex; montessori schools)

Question 13

mechanistic theories (clock)

Answer 13

no qualitative change, only quantitative. you are passing and react to what happens, never stop developing, and there is no movement to a goal (ex; classical conditioning)

Question 14

contextual worldview theories

Answer 14

where you are shapes how you develop (ex; dynamic systems theory)

Question 15

ethology

Answer 15

emphasis on context of the environment, understand the ADAPTIVE qualities of a behavior (ex; babies have a clingy stage… how is this adaptive)

Question 16

ethology’s big three…
i/s/b

Answer 16

imprinting
sensitive/critical periods
bonding

Question 17

klaus and kennel (bonding at birth)

Answer 17

bonding happens right after birth. preemie babies hit milestones faster when allowed to bond with parents. lead to babies staying in the room, and family members being in the room. later found that bonding doesn’t matter.

Question 18

bowlby said… (trust)

Answer 18

it’s important for parents to be present to create trust between them and their child

Question 19

attachment parenting

Answer 19

the way things happen naturally are the best ways (ex; breastfeeding, no painkillers during birth)

Question 20

species-specific response

Answer 20

exactly what it sounds like (ex; laughing when tickled)

Question 21

‘babyness’ by Conrad Lawrence

Answer 21

babies have big, bulbous heads, large eyes below the middle of their head, and a protruding forehead. triggers our ‘aww, cute!’ reflex which helped babies be taken care of

Question 22

supernormal stimulus and ‘babyness’

Answer 22

exaggerate ‘babyness’ cues to overload the ‘aww’ factor. also found in sexual behaviors.

Question 23

ecological approach (bronfenbrenner)

m/m/e/m/c

Answer 23

microsystem: you and your immediate surroundings (ex; your roommates)

mesosystem: when your microsys interact with each other (ex; your roomie picks up your hw from your study buddy)

exosystem: doesn’t directly contain you, but influences you (ex; parents’ workplace)

macrosystem: the values, ideals, and customs favored in a culture (ex; breastfeedings happens less in countries that sexualize breasts)

chronosystem: how your cohort impacts you (ex; millennials are dirt poor)

Question 24

three developmental study methods…

Answer 24

cross-sectional
longitudinal
sequential

Question 25

cross-sectional design

Answer 25

look at subjects at different ages at the same time pros: quick, cheap, can see diff. behavior at diff. points of development cons: no info about past, no info about individual development, no info about dev. process

Question 26

longitudinal design

Answer 26

same subjects assessed repeatedly pros: can determine behavior stability, diff. in behavior at diff. points of development, impact of early events are obvious cons: costly, subject loss, changes in people, inflexibility, test-retest effects

Question 27

sequential design

Answer 27

cross-sectional and longitudinal together pros: flexible, can determine behavior's stability, impact of early events is investigated, diff. in behav. seen at diff. points cons: most costly, subject loss, rest/retest effect

Question 28

structured observation

Answer 28

structuring an environment so that a behavior you want to observe happens

Question 29

hamster toy study

Answer 29

kid put in room with awesome toys but told to watch a hamster while the researcher steps out. when the kid looks away the hamster goes down a chute, the researcher comes back and asks if the kid watched the hamster. we see if kids lie or not!

Question 30

clinical vs. structured interviews

Answer 30

clinical: ask them questions, their responses guide your next questions. DIFFERENT structured: everyone gets the same question regardless of answer

Question 31

case studies

Answer 31

observe a unique person with great detail to try and learn something

Question 32

genie's case study

Answer 32

tied to bed until she died, but she didn't so the mom took her to CPS but it was clear something was wrong, she was raised without socialization. learned a lot of words but lost them, inability to communicate

Question 33

david reimer

Answer 33

dick was accidentally chopped off as a baby so he got surgery and was raised as a girl. but he figured out that he wasn't a girl, rejected 'brenda' and ultimately killed himself... he had a twin and they'd be studied on and off.

Question 34

ethical issues with developmental psych include... d/c/ci/a

Answer 34

deception, children, cognitively impaired people, animals can they consent?

Question 35

rights of research participants include... pfh/ic/p/k/bt

Answer 35

protection from harm, informed consent, privacy, knowledge of results, beneficial treatments

Question 36

DNA, genes, and chromosomes

Answer 36

DNA is the essence of us Genes are the bits of DNA found in a chromosome Chromosomes store and transmit genetic information

Question 37

mitosis vs. meiosis

Answer 37

mitosis: 46 --> 46 and 46 meiosis: 46 --> 46 and 46 --> 23 and 23

Question 38

genotypes vs. phenotypes

Answer 38

g: the genes you have p: the traits you display ex; curly hair

Question 39

range of reaction

Answer 39

our genetics set the limits, and our environment determines where we fall along a spectrum

Question 40

canalized

Answer 40

environment is a canal, our genes are a ball that rolls through it. sometimes it's a gutter and sometimes it's messy

Question 41

strongly vs. weakly canalized traits

Answer 41

strong: the environment can't push them around (ex; eye color) weak: the environment can push them around a lot (ex; intelligence)

Question 42

human inherited conditions only require __ gene

Answer 42

one! kid has a 50% chance of getting it ex; huntington's and neurofibromatosis

Question 43

huntington's disease:

Answer 43

degenerative brain disorder that presents in middle adulthood

Question 44

neurofibromatosis

Answer 44

benign tumors on the skin, like, A LOT of them

Question 45

homo vs. heterozygous dominant vs. recessive

Answer 45

homo: genes received are identical het: genes received are different dom: genes that are expressed rec: genes expressed if no doms are there

Question 46

recessive inherited conditions (4) c/sc/pku/ts

Answer 46

require two lowercase to show! ex; cc ex; cystic fibrosis (lungs fill with mucus), sickle cell anemia (resistant to malaria), PKU (is diet restricts phenylalanine, their brain won't degenerate), tay-sachs (brain deterioration, dead by 3)

Question 47

human x-linked inherited conditions

Answer 47

conditions found specifically on the x-chromosome. can be silent in girls but will always show in boys. ex; color blindness (most common is red/green), hemophilia (blood won't clot), severe combined immune deficiency (no immune system)

Question 48

david and severe combined immune deficiency

Answer 48

put in a sterile room until he sadly died at 13

Question 49

imprinting

Answer 49

process by which genes are 'branded' by one parent or the other. essential for normal development and turn on and off during different times of life ex; ligers that just keep growing since the fem lion gene doesn't silence it via imprinting

Question 50

polygenic inheritance

Answer 50

multiple genes that work together and influence each other ex; height

Question 51

chromosome conditions (4)

Answer 51

involve chromosomes and genes ex; turner's (missing a sex chromosome), klinefelter's (get an extra sex chromosome), down syndrome, fragile x (genetic, x-chrom looks broken, 1/4000 guys and 1/8000 girls)

Question 52

fragile x

Answer 52

dominantly inherited 'broken' x-chromosome. bigger problem with guys. causes cognitive deficit and learning disability, as well as delayed speech development, and long faces. 15% also have autism

Question 53

down syndrome

Answer 53

extra chromosome (21), generally short and stocky build, flat faces, heart abnormalities, higher hernia risk, compromised immune system/susceptible to infection, IQ 35-70 but variable, 1/700

Question 54

the risk of all chromosomal conditions _____________ with age

Answer 54

increases

Question 55

when prenatally detective down syndrome, __% in US will terminate, but ___% in Iceland will

Answer 55

67, 100

Question 56

skotko (down syndrome happiness)

Answer 56

those with DS are positive about life and themselves. they love their families and their families love them, generally indicating a good quality of life, though family members between ages 9-11 feel embarrassed by their relations

Question 57

noninvasive genetic testing (3) tq/f/u/c

Answer 57

triple/quad screen: bloodwork, 15-22 weeks, 1/x results first trimester screen: ultrasound, bloodwork, increased neck thickness:down syndrome, 11-14 weeks ultrasound: don't overdo! cell-free fetal DNA: blood sample after 10 weeks, can look for fetal cells in blood and diagnose down syndrome and other chromosomal defects

Question 58

invasive genetic testing C/a/P/P

Answer 58

CVS: needle goes in, sucks up villae, analyzes chromosomes, early as 9 weeks, associated with higher termination but those who take it are at higher risk anyways amniocentesis: same thing, but amniotic fluid, 11-12 weeks PUBS: blood sample from fetus via umbilical cord, can administer Rx that way PGD: harvest egg and sperm, incubate embryos outside of the body and they pick the one that isn't infected