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Endo Repro 1 > Intro DSA > Flashcards

Intro DSA Flashcards

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1
Q

What hormones does the pancreas secrete?

A

insulin and glucagon

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2
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

NE and Epi

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3
Q

What hormones does the kidney secrete?

A

renin and vitamin D

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4
Q

What hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

cortisol, aldosterone, adrenal androgens

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5
Q

What hormones do the testes secrete?

A

testosterone

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6
Q

What hormones do the ovaries secrete?

A

estradiol and progesterone

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7
Q

What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

estradiol and progesterone

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8
Q

What hormones does the placenta secrete?

A

hCG, estriol, progesterone and hPL

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9
Q

What are amine hormones derived from?

A

tyrosine

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10
Q

What is a stimulus for protein/peptide hormones secretion?

A

increase in intracellular Ca and activation of GPCR, followed by cAMP and activation of PKA

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11
Q

Where are cholesterol hormones synthesized and secreted from?

A

adrenal cortex, gonads, corpus luteum

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12
Q

What are the two sources of cholesterol?

A

80% is taken up as LDL particles through receptor-mediated endocytosis, and the rest is synthesized from acetyl CoA

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13
Q

What are the genomic actions of steroid hormones?

A

modulate gene transcription by interaction with intracellular, nuclear receptors

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14
Q

What is the non-genomic action of steroid hormones?

A

rapid action, specific receptor-mediated actions or direct steroid-membrane interactions

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15
Q

What are the two groups of amine hormones?

A

catecholamines: synthesized in cytosol and secretory granules, act thru cell-membrane associated receptors

thyroid hormones: synthesized by thyroid gland and stored as thyroglobulin in follicles, cross cell membrane and act thru nuclear receptors

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16
Q

What hormones are secreted from the hypothalamus?

A

TRH, CRH, GnRH, SRIF, PIF, GHRH

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17
Q

What is the action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?

A

stimulates TSH and prolactin

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18
Q

What is the action of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

A

stimulates secretion os ACTH

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19
Q

What is the action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

A

stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

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20
Q

What is the action of somatostatin or somatotropin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF)?

A

inhibits secretion of growth hormone

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21
Q

What is the action of dopamine or prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF)?

A

inhibits secretion of prolactin

NOTE: PIF considered an amine

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22
Q

What is the action of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)?

A

stimulates secretion of growth hormone

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23
Q

What hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

TSH, FSH, LH, growth hormone, prolactin, ACTH, MSH

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24
Q

What is the action of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH?

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A

stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

25
What is the action of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
stimulated sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testes, stimulated follicular development and estrogen synthesis in ovaries
26
What is the action of lutenizing hormone (LH)?
stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes, stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries
27
What is the action of growth hormone?
stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth
28
What is the action of prolactin?
stimulates milk production and secretion in breast
29
What is the action of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones (cortisol, androgens and aldosterone)
30
What is the action of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?
stimulates melanin synthesis
31
What hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland?
oxytocin and ADH
32
What is the action of oxytocin?
stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contraction
33
What is the action of vasopressin (ADH)?
stimulates water reabsorption in principal cells of collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles
34
What hormones are secreted from the thyroid gland?
T3, T4 and calcitonin
35
What is the action of triiodothyronine (T3) and L-thyroxine (T4)?
stimulates skeletal growth, oxygen consumption, heat production, protein fat and carbohydrate utilization, perinatal maturation of CNS NOTE: T3/T4 considered amines
36
What is the action of calcitonin?
decrease serum calcium
37
What is the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
increases serum calcium
38
What hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?
cortisol, aldosterone, DHEA and adrenal androgens
39
What is the action of cortisol (glucocorticoid)?
stimulates gluconeogenesis, inhibits inflammatory response, suppresses immune response, enhances vascular responsiveness to catecholamines
40
What is the action of aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)?
increases renal Na reabsorption, K secretion, H secretion
41
What are the action of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione (adrenal androgens)
stimulates spermatogenesis, stimulates male secondary sex characteristics
42
What is the action of testosterone?
stimulates spermatogenesis, stimulates male secondary sex characteristics
43
What is the action of estradiol?
stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system, follicular phase of menstrual cycle, development of breasts, prolactin secretion, maintains pregnancy
44
What is the action of progesterone?
stimulates luteal phase of menstrual cycle, maintains pregnancy
45
What is the action of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?
stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus luteum of early pregnancy
46
What is the action of human placental lactogen (hPL), or human chorionic somatomammotropin?
has growth hormone-like and prolactin-like actions during pregnancy
47
What is the action of Vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)?
increase intestinal absorption of Ca, bone mineralization
48
What are two examples of positive feedback mechanisms?
the menstrual cycle (estrogen), and delivery of a fetus (oxytocin)
49
What are the two major inputs on the hypothalamus?
1. suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): imposes and circadian rhythm on the secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones and endocrine axes 2. pineal gland: releases melatonin which feeds back to SCN info about day/night
50
What are the secondary messengers and effectors of adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C?
adenylyl cyclase: cAMP -> PKA phospholipase C: IP3/DAG/Ca -> PKC or calmodulin
51
What is the E domain of a steroid hormone?
binding domain
52
What is the C domain of a steroid hormone?
highly conserved, has 2 sinz fingers, responsible for DNA binding
53
What are the primary messengers of guanylyl cyclase?
ANP, NO ANP acts thru receptor with guanylyl cyclase activity NO diffuses to cytosol and activates cytosolic guanylyl cyclase
54
What is the secondary messenger and effector of guanylyl cyclase?
cGMP -> PKG
55
Which hormones use the adenyl cyclase (cAMP) mechanism?
ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, ADH, hCG, MSH, CRH, calcitonin, PTH, glucagon, B1 and B2 receptors
56
Which hormones use the PLC (IP3/Ca) mechanism?
GnRH, TRH, GHRH, angiotensin 2, ADH, oxytocin, a1 receptors
57
Which hormones use the tyrosine kinase mechanism?
insulin, IGF-1, growth hormone, prolactin
58
Which hormones use the guanylate cyclase (cGMP) mechanism?
ANP, NO

Endo Repro 1 (6 decks)

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