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Bioinformatics > Intro: Flow of Genetic Information > Flashcards

Intro: Flow of Genetic Information Flashcards

Intro to Bioinformatics (58 cards)

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1
Q

How does genetic information flow?

A

DNA to DNA - replication
DNA to mRNA - transcription
mRNA to protein - translation

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2
Q

merging of biology, computer science, and information technology

A

bioinformatics

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3
Q

use of computer to gather, store, analyze, and integrate biological and genetic information

A

bioinformatics

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4
Q

an interdisciplinary field mainly involving molecular biology and genetics, computer science, mathematics, and statistics for analysis, exploration, integration, and exploitation of biological data

A

bioinformatics

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5
Q

examples of biological data

A

DNA sequences
Amino acid sequences
Protein structure
Omics data

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6
Q

Goals of Bioinformatics

A

enable discovery of new biological insights
create global perspective

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7
Q

first protein sequence database was in ________________

A

Atlas of protein sequence and structure

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8
Q

when was the first protein sequence database recorded?

A

1970

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9
Q

DNA sequences accumulate in literature and protein sequence become common; shifted from protein to DNA

A

mid-1970-80

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10
Q

What is the first nucleotide database?

A

GenBank

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11
Q

when was GenBank established

A

1980

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12
Q

Protein information resource was established

A

1984

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13
Q

parallel advances in biology and computer science; bioinformatics online

A

1990s

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14
Q

genomics era

A

2000s

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15
Q

large biological data (omics)

A

present

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16
Q

first sequence of a protein

A

insulin

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17
Q

when was insulin published?

A

1950

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18
Q

the issue was not sequencing a protein in itself but rather assembling the whole protein sequence from hundreds of small edman peptide sequences

A

Edman degradation method (1987)

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19
Q

pioneered application of computational method to field of biochemistry

A

Margaret Dayhoff

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20
Q

developed COMPROTEIN

A

Margaret Dayhoff

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21
Q

complete computer program for the IBM 7090 designed to determine protein primary structure using Edman peptide sequencing data

A

COMPROTEIN

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22
Q

this software, entirely coded in FORTRAN on punch-cards, is the first occurrence of what we would call today as de novo sequence assembler

A

COMPROTEIN

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23
Q

COMPROTEIN was coded in ________

A

FORTRAN

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24
Q

first bioinformatics software

25
investigated biomolecular sequences as carriers of information
Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling
26
introduced Paleogenetics
Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling
27
developed first dynamic programming algorithm for pairwise protein sequence alignments
Needleman and Wunsch
28
development of the first probabilistic model of amino acids substitution
1978
29
developed the groundworks for gene cloning
Berg
30
developed polymerase chain reaction
mullis
31
promoted free software philosophy; free Unix based operating system called GNU
Richard Stallman
32
advancement of new programming languages
Perl and Phyton
33
initiated World Wide Web
Tim Berner's Lee
34
Framework of Bioinformatics
Collect statistics from biological data build computational model solve computational model program test and evaluate a computational algorithm
35
3 main components
Data Database Data mining tools
36
obtained from gene and genomic sequencing
nucleic acid sequence
37
sequence is represented by DNA alphabet
nucleic acid sequence
38
can be obtained from protein sequencing and/or predicted from DNA sequence
Amino acid sequence
39
sequence is represented by one letter amino acid sequence
amino acid sequence
40
obtained from transcriptomic studies
Gene expression data
41
large, organized body of persistent data
biological database
42
usually associated with computerized software
biological database
43
designed to update, query, and retrieve components of the data stored within the system
biological database
44
3 main purpose of biological database
stores biological data in computer-readable form stored data is accessed efficiently available to research community in a single place
45
contains raw information of the sequence alone
primary database
46
contains derived information from the analysis of primary data
secondary database
47
amalgamates a variety of different database sources, which obviates the need to search multiple sources
composite database
48
search engine and analysis tool for large biological data
data mining tools
49
process of biological data utilization
database mining
50
Applications of Bioinformatics
Sequence analysis Phylogenetic analysis prediction of protein secondary structure Protein 3D structure prediction next generation sequencing data analysis
51
deals with biological data, their collection, curation, distribution and analaysis
bioinformatics
52
unit of distribution of a collection of some type of biological information
database
53
archive of information
database
54
logical organization or structure of that information called schema
database
55
these contain information collected from archival databases and inferred from analyses of their contents
derived databases
56
characteristic signature patterns of families of proteins
sequence motifs
57
connections between, and common features of, entries in archives
classifications or relationships
58
scientific literature itself is data
bibliographic database

Bioinformatics (5 decks)

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