Intro Pharm Econ Flashcards
(23 cards)
Why pharmaecon assessment is important?
A way to measure value and document the value of pharmaceutical products and services
What is the main aim, study design, main measure, and time frame for clinical research?
Main aim: efficacy
Study design: RCT
Main measure: efficacy and safety
Time frame: Short term in an ideal clinical practice
What is the main aim, study design, main measure and time frame for Outcomes research?
Main aim: Effectiveness
Study design: Observational studies AND RCT
Main measure: Patient-related outcomes
Time frame: Long term in real clinical practice
What is the main aim, study design, main measure and time frame for Pharmecon?
Main aim: Efficiency
Study design: Economic analyses based on outcomes and clinical trials
Main measure: Costs and outcomes
Time frame: Longterm in real clinical practice
Pharmecon application strategies into pharmacotherapy
Use published pharmecon studies
Build econ models
Conduct research
What are advantages/disadvantages of using published data?
Advantage:
- Peer Review
- Inexpensive & quick
Disadvantage:
- May not be comparative
- Misuse of pharmecon terms
- Variation in rigot/quality
what are advantages/disadvantages of building an econ model?
Advantage:
- Yield organization-specific RESULTS
- Bridges efficacy and effectiveness
- Inexpensive & quick
Disadvantage:
- Potential for bias due to results dependent on assumptions
- Controversial
What are advantages/disadvantages of conducting a study?
Advantage:
- Flexible & usually comparative
- Yield organization-specific DATA
Disadvantage:
- Time-consuming & expensive
- Potential patient selection bias or small sample size
How to determine the value of resources?What shouldn’t be used make valuation?
Market values of goods and services
Opportunity costs (Best value measure theoretically)
DO NOT:
- Confuse with charges and costs
What step need to take before looking for resources?
Variables before collecting anything
How to measure resources?
In units of service required to produce the intended benefit
3 types of outcomes of interest
Clinical outcomes
Humanistic
Economic
What are clinical outcomes?
Contribution of drug therapy in addressing the overall clinical outcome
Death
Pharmacists are responsible
When do you use clinical indicators and intermediate outcomes? What can intermediate outcomes represent?
Used when final outcomes:
- Not readily identified
- Times required to reach the outcome is long
Intermediate outcomes = Final outcomes (some cases)
What are economic outcomes?
Direct medical resources used to achieve the outcome, including resources:
- Healthcare provider’s time
- Laboratory services
- Diagnostic procedure
Heath-related quality of life
Patient satisfaction
How do you measure outcomes? Give ex for each outcome of interest?
Measure in the best units
Clinical outcomes: EHR
Econ: administrative databases, medical chart
Humanistic: patient satisfaction, QOL
What are study designs?
Experimental designs:
- Piggyback randomized, RCT
- Economic clinical trials
Observational designs:
- Claims data analysis
Simulation designs:
- Decision tree models
- Markov models
Combination designs
Biases to internal validity vs external validity
Internal - affect accuracy of the results:
- Patient selection bias
- Crossover bias
- Errors in measurement of outcomes
- Errors in ascertainment of exposure to technology
External - affect the generalizability of the results to other settings
What the role of data from experimental studies?
Necessary but not sufficient to make treatment decisions
Good starting point
Priority in analyzing data
Develop data analysis plan before the study starts
Keep analysis plan simple
What does study design affect?
Cost of evaluation
Time required to conduct evaluation
Accuracy of the information
Complexity of administering the evaluation
Ease of defending the subsequent decisions made based on the evaluation
What is required for human subject research?
IRB Approval
