intro: phylogeny, classification

Question 1

define etymology

Answer 1

the study of word origins

Question 2

taxonomy = a
biological taxonomy = b
biological systematics - c

Answer 2

a- system of names for categories
b - practice of classifying organisms
c - theory of classifying organisms

Question 3

nomenclature

Answer 3

system of rules for naming things

Question 4

linnaeus - naming system

Answer 4

binomial system.
genus & specific epithet

domain, kingdom, phylum, subphylum class, order, family, genus, species

Question 5

taxon

taxonomic ranks

Answer 5

actual name/category that organism fits into

hierarchically nested

Question 6

type

Answer 6

individual specimen. species - genus upon which the next higher entity is based

Question 7

linnaeus - concept of species?

Answer 7

static concept of species.

- later, species may arise from hybridization (for plants)

Question 8

darwin

Answer 8

phylogenesis. tree concept. more shared morphological feature = more common ancestor

Question 9

haeckel’s trees

Answer 9

used real taxa - bifurcational tree.

Question 10

goals in systematics

Answer 10

create taxonomies that reflect phylogenies

* not static science* - author in brackets if sepcies they discovered has since moved.

Question 11

hennig and systematic

• ad authoritatum?

Answer 11

logical and repeatable. no longer ad authotitatum “because i said so”

Question 12

synapomorphies

Answer 12

shared derived features

Question 13

parsimony

Answer 13

how cladograms are decided. simplest wins.

Question 14

4 main points to hennig’s cladistics

Answer 14

1. dichotomous branches
2. synapomorphies only evidence for common ancestry
3. competing cladograms decided on parsimony
4. taxonomy logically consistent w inferred pattern of historical relationships

Question 15

ingroup

Answer 15

relationships youre looking at

Question 16

outgroup

Answer 16

taxa known to have split off prior to taxa.

Question 17

root the tree

- 3 things you can do to tree

Answer 17

rotate around branch points
prune - remove taxa but keep other relationships the same
collapse - put taxa with various branches into 1 big branch.

Question 18

synapomorphies

Answer 18

shared, derived traits in more than 1 group

*important for reconstructing phylogenetic tree

Question 19

symplesiomorphies

Answer 19

shared, ancestral traits

Question 20

autapomorphies

Answer 20

derived traits present in only one taxon

Question 21

princple of parsimony

Answer 21

best choice is simplest one

Question 22

homologous

Answer 22

character states present in moer than one taxon and that arose once in common ancestor of that taxon

Question 23

reversals

Answer 23

reversal from derived to ancestral state

Question 24

homoplasious

Answer 24

states present in more than one taxon + arose independently mroe than once.

Question 25

convergence

Answer 25

evolve independently toward similar state

Question 26

divergence

Answer 26

evolve independently to become less similar

Question 27

radiation

Answer 27

various species from 1 (darwins finches)

Question 28

parallel evolution

Answer 28

closely related taxa achieve similar evolutionary modifications.

Question 29

goal of cladistic reconstruction

Answer 29

maximize homology, minimize homoplasy, and most parsimonious

Question 30

monophyletic

Answer 30

clades, contain all descendants of common ancestor and no others

Question 31

paraphyletic

Answer 31

missing one or more descendants

Question 32

polyphyletic

Answer 32

included are species that do not share a most recent common ancestor.

Question 33

3 domains

Answer 33

bacteria archaea eukarya: protists, plantae, fungi, animalia.