Intro/Scoliosis

Question 1

What are the four ways in which bone can change?

Answer 1

1 get more white
2 have holes or get more black
3 break
4 change shape

Question 2

Which can be removed and which cannot: artifacts or foreign bodies?

Answer 2

Removed = artifacts

Cannot be removed = foreign bodies

Question 3

What is the absolute first thing to check when viewing an X-ray?

Answer 3

Patient information

Question 4

What are the ABC’s of film interpretation (BCAS)?

Answer 4

B = bone structure
C = cartilage 
A = alignment
S = soft tissues

Question 5

What are the components of a radiographic report?

Answer 5

1 identification
2 introduction
3 findings
4 impressions
5 recommendations

Question 6

What term is used to describe what’s abnormal in an X-ray?

Answer 6

Findings

Question 7

What term is used as diagnoses from an X-ray?

Answer 7

Impressions

Question 8

Are findings and diagnoses the same things?

Answer 8

NO

Question 9

Which are written as brief statements and which are written in a full sentence paragraph format: findings or diagnoses?

Answer 9

Brief statements = impressions/diagnoses

Full sentences = findings

Question 10

In what way should the findings and impressions be listed?

Answer 10

Starting with the most significant

Question 11

What type of imaging is considered the “Gold Standard” for musculoskeletal imaging?

Answer 11

MRI

Question 12

Dark gray on X-ray is usually what substance?

Answer 12

Fat

Question 13

Light gray on X-ray is usually what substance?

Answer 13

Water

Question 14

What are the four normal densities seen on X-ray?

Answer 14

Whitest = bone
Blackest = air
Dark gray = fat
Light gray = water

Question 15

Does a dense, opaque area on X-ray appear as white or black?

Answer 15

White

Question 16

Does a lucent area on X-ray appear as white or black?

Answer 16

Black

Question 17

What does a dark gray fat pad near the posterior aspect of the olecranon process and distal humerus indicate?

Answer 17

Fracture

Question 18

What is the official term of an X-ray examination without the use of contrast media?

Answer 18

Conventional plain film radiography

Question 19

Who was the founder of the X-ray?

Answer 19

Wilhelm Roentgen (1895)

Question 20

What was the first X-ray ever taken?

Answer 20

Mrs. Roentgen’s hand

Question 21

What type of energy and wave are associated with the electromagnetic radiation of an X-ray?

Answer 21

High-energy, short-wave

Question 22

Why must two views be taken when using X-ray imaging?

Answer 22

2D representation

Question 23

What imaging system combines X-rays and computer to create cross sectional dial images of the human body?

Answer 23

CT (computerized tomography)

Question 24

Who built the prototype for the first CT machine?

Answer 24

Godfrey Hounsfield

Question 25

Wha type of radiation is used with a CT?

Answer 25

Gamma

Question 26

What is the most common radioactive element used as a radioisotope for CT?

Answer 26

Technetium (low radiation dose & nontoxic)

Question 27

Which form of imaging is a non-ionizing system that uses magnetic fields and radio frequencies to spatially analyze the magnetic spin properties of hydrogen nuclei?

Answer 27

MRI

Question 28

The magnetic spin of the nuclei of what specific element is analyzed via MRI?

Answer 28

Hydrogen

Question 29

What are the advantages of CT?

Answer 29

1 computer enhances soft tissue contrast | 2 removes overlaying anatomy

Question 30

What are the advantages of MRI?

Answer 30

1 does not employ ionizing radiation | 2 true three dimensional imaging

Question 31

What are the disadvantages of MRI?

Answer 31

1 high cost (about $1000 per region) | 2 contraindications with some implants/artifacts

Question 32

In which MRI manipulation do we see black CSF? White CSF?

Answer 32

``` T1 = black CSF T2 = white CSF ```