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MIC407 > Intro, Staph, and Strep > Flashcards

Intro, Staph, and Strep Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Specificity

A

The Percentage of people correctly diagnosed as negative for a disease;
High specificity= Low false positives

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2
Q

Sensitivity

A

Percentage of people correctly diagnosed as positive for a disease;
High Sensitivity= Low false negatives

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3
Q

Routes of Transmission

A

Congenital Transfer (Mom to Fetus or Newborn)
Direct Contact (skin-to-skin contact)
Fomites (Inanimate objects)
Food and Water
Airborne (Aerosol)
Animals

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4
Q

Virulence Factor

A

A bacterial product that contributes to virulence or pathogenicity for the microorganism

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5
Q

Virulence (Pathogenicity)

A

The ability of a microorganism to cause infection and disease

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6
Q

Asymptomatic Infection (Carriage)

A

An infection by a disease-causing microorganism that causes no discernable symptoms in the host

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7
Q

Nosocomial Infection

A

An infection acquired in a hospital

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8
Q

Zoonoses

A

A disease transferred from an animal to humans

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9
Q

Colonization

A

Long-term persistence of a microorganism at a particular body site that does not lead to disease (e.t. Normal gut flora)

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10
Q

Disease

A

An infection that produces symptoms in the host

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11
Q

Infection

A

What a bacterium that causes disease becomes established in the host

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12
Q

Predictive Value

A

The positive predictive value is a way of measuring how accurate a specific test is

Sensitivity= (TP/TP+FN)) x100
Specificity= (TN/(TN+FP)) x100
Positive Predictive Value=
(TP/TP+FP) X100
Negative Predictive Value= (TN/(TN+FN) X100

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13
Q

Direct Agglutination

A

Blood test that looks for antibodies in a patient’s serum using whole organisms

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14
Q

Indirect (Passive) Agglutination)

A

Soluble antigens are bound to an insoluble particle such as latex to make the reaction visible

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15
Q

Reverse Passive Agglutination

A

Particle agglutination test in which the antibody is coated on a carrier molecule that detects antigen in the patient’s serum

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16
Q

Coagglutination

A

The technique used to detect specific antigens by utilizing the binding properties of protein A on S. aureus

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17
Q

Direct Immunofluorescence

A

A Test used to detect abnormal protein deposits by using fluorescent-tagged antibodies

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18
Q

Indirect Immunofluorescence

A

A Technique using a primary and fluorescent-tagged secondary antibody to detect antigens in cells or tissue (detects autoantibodies)

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19
Q

Staphylococcus

A

appears opaque, smooth, circular, convex colonies with butyrous consistency
Gram Positive cocci
Irregular Clusters
Catalase (+)
Ferments Glucose (no gas)
Facultative anaerobes
High NaCl tolerance

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20
Q

Selective media for Staphylococcus

A

Sheeps Blood Agar (SBA)
Mannitol salt agar (MSA)
Phenylethyl alcohol agar (PEA)
Columbia nalidixic acid agar (CNA)

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21
Q

S. aureus

A

Off-white to yellow, medium to large, Beta-hemolytic on SBA
Coagulase Positive
Pigment (+)
Mannitol (+)
Phosphatase (+)
Novobiocin Sensitive (-)

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22
Q

S. epidermidis

A

Pale, gray-white, medium, nonhemolytic on SBA
Coagulase Negative
Phosphatase (+)

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23
Q

S. saprophyticus

A

White (sometimes yellow), large, nonhemolytic on SBA
Coagulase Negative
Mannitol (+)
Novobiocin Resistant

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24
Q

S. aureus Diseases

A

Can infect nearly every organ and tissue in the human body:
Folliculitis
Furnucle
Boil
Cellulitis
Impetigo
Scolded Skin Syndrome
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Pneumonia
Osteomyelitis
Endocarditis
UTI
Arthritis
Blood
Food Poisoning
Enteritis
Wound Infection

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25
S. epidermidis Diseases
Nosocomial bloodstream Endocarditis
26
S. saprophyticus Diseases
UTIs (2nd most frequent in women)
27
S. haemolyticus Diseases
Endocarditis Bloodstream Peritonitis UTIs | Irregular Staphylococcus species, Coagulase Negative
28
S. lugdunensis Diseases
Bloodstream Endocarditis Osteitis Soft tissue infections | Uncommon Staphylococcus Coagulase Negative
29
S. aureus Virulence Factors- Capsule
Sugar capsule prevents phagocytic ability by immune system
30
S. aureus Virulence Factors- Toxins
Hemolysis (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta) Panton-Valentine Leukocidin- Kills WBCs Exfoliative (epidermolytic) Toxin- Causes skin sloughing Enterotoxins (food poisoning) Pyrogenic Toxins (enterotoxins; stimulates hypersensitivity to toxin) Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-1)
31
S. aureus Virulence Factors- Enzymes
Coagulase Proteases Lipases Hyaluronidase- allows spreading of toxin through tissue cells Staphylokinase- Helps Staph establish infection
32
S. aureus Virulence Factors- Adherhance Mechanisms
Fibronectin-binding protein-bridge between pathogen and host Fibrinogen-binding protein- attaches to epithelial cells Biofilm Formation- extracellular glycoconjugate Protein A- bind to IgG Fc block
33
Toxic Shock Syndrome
localized infection Symptoms: Fever, erythematous rash, skin shedding (soles and palms), hypotension (low blood pressure)
34
TSST-1 (pyrogenic toxin C)
Triggers production of proinflammatory cytokines acting as a superantigen (Stimulates T cells) Damage from toxin and cytokine-stimulated host response
35
Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) Antimicrobial Therapies
Clindamycin, doxycycline, rifampin, vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, tigecycline
36
Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) Antimicrobial Therapies
Clindamycin, quinolones, dicloxacillin, cephalosporins, SXT, macrolides
37
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CNS) Antimicrobial Therapies
Quinolones, Augmentin, imipenem, vancomycin, cephalosporins
38
Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) Antimicrobial Therapies
Linezolid, daptomycin, tigecycline
39
Antibiotic
A metabolic byproduct of a microbe that inhibits growth or destroys microorganisms
40
Chemotherapeutic Agent
Chemically synthesized product that kills or inhibits the growth of a microbe
41
Bacteriostatic
An agent that prevents the growth of bacteria
42
Bacteriocidal
An agent that kills bacteria
43
Sulfa Drugs (Sulfonamides/Trimethoprim)
Synthetic agent to treat bacterial disease. Inhibits folic acid production (nutrient needed by bacteria to grow)
44
Beta-lactams
Bactericidal- inhibits peptidoglycan biosynthesis Penicillins Cephalosporins Monobactems Carbapenems
45
Glycopeptides
Bactericidal- inhibits peptidoglycan biosynthesis Vancomycin Teicoplanin
46
Polymyxins
Bactericidal- targets gram (-), destabilizes phospholipids and LPS on outer membrane, Affect cell membrane permiability Polymyxin B Colistin
47
Macrolides
Bacteriostatic- inhibit bacterial protein synthesis Erythromycin Clarithromycin, Azithromycin
48
Tetracyclines
Bacteriostatic- Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis Tetracycline Doxycycline
49
Chloramphenicol
Bacteriostatic- Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
50
Lincosamides
Bacteriostatic- Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis Clindamycin
51
Streptogramins
Bacteriostatic- Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis Quinupristin/Dalfopristin
52
Aminoglycosides
Bactericidal- interfere with protein synthesis (gram (-) bacteria) Streptomycin gentamicin tobramycin amikacin kanamycin
53
Oxazonlidinones
Bacteriostatic- Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis Linezolid
54
Glycylcycline
Bacteriostatic- Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis Tigecycline
55
Metronidazole
Bactericidal- Disrupts DNA by generating cytotoxic intermediates
56
Fluoroquinolones
Bactericidal- Inhibits DNA gyrase
57
Lipopeptide
Bactericidal Daptomycin
58
Nitrofurantoin
Bactericidal
59
Ansamycins
Bactericidal- inhibits transcription through RNA polymerase Rifampin/Rifampicin
60
Isoniazid
Bactericidal- Treats TB by affecting the production of mycolic acid (makes up cell wall)
61
Ethambutol
Bacteriostatic- Affects arabinogalactan synthesis (integral part of cell wall structure)
62
Microbial Resistance
1) decrease the permeability of cell 2) alter the target site 3) enzyme inactivation 4) active transport out of the cell (efflux pump)

MIC407 (2 decks)

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