Intro Stuff Flashcards
(26 cards)
Who is the father of toxicology ?
Paracelsus
What does “xenobiotic” mean ?
Foreign substance
What is an antidote
Any substance that prevents/ relieves the effects of a toxin
- no antidote works on all toxins, some may say that activated charcoal is the “universal antidote”
- have the potential to be harmful
The dose response curve
NOAEL= no observable adverse effects level LOAEL= lowest observable effects level
List 3 factors that influence toxicity
1) exposure (route, dose, duration, etc)
2) subject (breed, age, species, etc)
3) environment (temperature)
What are cats deficient in
Glucuronidation
What are dogs deficient in
Acetylation
What are pigs deficient in
Sulfation
________ is more toxic to pregnant animals
Parathion
Exposure classifications
1) acute : single dose or within 24 hrs
2) sub-acute/ sub-chronic : from 7 to 90 days
3) chronic : 6m to life
How do toxicants cause toxicity ?
- cellular damage : can result in free radical damage, inhibition of energy production, disruption of enzyme function
- organ system dysfunction (insecticides and rodenticides) : not associate with specific cellular injury but lethal to intact organism
What are the top 5 mistakes that we make when treating toxicosis ?
1) treat poison not patient
2) induce emesis at wrong time or when its not appropriate
3) not getting complete history from client
4) tunnel vision
5) not known treatment contraindications
Who are candidates for intubation ? For ventilation
- Unconscious, paralyzed, severe resp distressed patients
- hypoventilation, metabolic acidosis, hypoxia (treat with 40% O2)
Drugs for hyperactivity
- diazepam
- phenobarbital
- methocarbamol
Drugs for depression
- analeptics
- doxapram
Drugs for tachycardia and arrhythmias
- correct electrolytes / acid-base balance
- lidocane
- propranolol
Drugs for hypertension
- nitroprusside
- hydralazine
When do we use dobutamine
To aid fluid therapy
What are the 4 major themes when taking a history
- past medical history
- diet history
- environment history
- current clinical situation history
What are the 2 main types of decontamination?
1) emesis
2) activated charcoal
– lastly : cathartics
Emesis
- Contraindications: chronic exposure, its been too long since ingestion, acid solutions, household products, animal has compromised stomach, not recommended for that specific species …
- rule of thumb: toxic dose in ingested, no vomiting has occurred, activated charcoal is not an option
- little evidence that it improves clinical outcome
Activated charcoal
- the earlier you give it, the more effective it is
- about 2-8g/kg as slurry of 1g/5ml H2O, repeat dose every 4-6hrs
- can be done alone or with gastric lavage
- contraindication: unpleasant for animal, does NOT bind to all toxins (oils, acids, alkalis, glycols, metals, petroleum, distillates, detergents), dehydrated animals, abstracted airway, chronic exposures
- really good for plant toxicoses
- rule of thumb: substance is known and it binds to it, ingestion was recent, animal can tolerate it, there is no need to oral meds immediately
Cathartics
- decreases GI transit time, increases toxin movement, can be used with charcoal complex, decreases possibility of toxin absorption
- mineral oil, salines (milk of magnesia, MgSO)
When do we use dilution instead of emesis ? what do we do for dermal exposures ?
- For corrosive, strong acids or bases; can dilute milk and water (may enhance absorption) or eggs
- bathe in liquid dish soap and rinse well
