Intro to ABA

Question 1

The development of a new behavior through reinforcement.

Answer 1

Acquisition

Question 2

A reinforcer that is related to access to desired actions, such as playing games, leisure time, or listening to music.

Answer 2

Activity reinforcer

Question 3

Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others (for example, scratching an insect bite relieves the itch).

Answer 3

Automatic reinforcement

Question 4

The activity of living organisms, or what a person does and says.

Answer 4

Behavior

Question 5

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a negative reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more negative reinforcers.

Answer 5

Conditioned negative reinforcer

Question 6

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more punishers.

Answer 6

Conditioned punisher

Question 7

A previously neutral stimulus that has been paired a number of times with an established reinforcer and consequently functions as a reinforcer itself.

Answer 7

Conditioned reinforcer

Question 8

A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest.

Answer 8

Consequence

Question 9

Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables.

Answer 9

Contingency

Question 10

A reinforcer that can be eaten, such as a sip of a preferred drink or a bite of preferred food.

Answer 10

Edible reinforcer

Question 11

A schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an interval of time has elapsed.

Answer 11

Fixed interval

Question 12

A schedule of reinforcement in which a specific number of responses must occur before the reinforcer is delivered.

Answer 12

Fixed ratio

Question 13

F

Answer 13

Negative reinforcement

Question 14

A stimulus whose termination or reduction in intensity functions as reinforcement.

Answer 14

Negative reinforcer

Question 15

A behavioral effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules. Common effects include avoidance, aggression, and unpredictable pauses or cessation in responding.

Answer 15

Ratio strain

Question 16

Occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions.

Answer 16

Reinforcement

Question 17

A process in which an item from a preference assessment is delivered contingent on a behavior to see if the behavior increases.

Answer 17

Reinforcer assessment

Question 18

A group of responses of varying typography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment.

Answer 18

Response class

Question 19

A socially mediated reinforcer, such as physical contact, proximity, attention, or praise.

Answer 19

Social reinforcer

Question 20

A group of stimuli that all have the same functional effect on a particular behavior. For example, each stimulus in a stimulus class may function as a discriminative stimulus for a particular behavior.

Answer 20

Stimulus class

Question 21

A variety of procedures used to determine the stimuli that a person prefers, the relative preference values (high versus low) of those stimuli, the conditions under which those preference values remain in effect, and their presumed value as reinforcers.

Answer 21

Stimulus preference assessment

Question 22

A reinforcer that is related to access to physical items, such as stickers, trinkets, school materials, trading cards, or small toys.

Answer 22

Tangible reinforcer

Question 23

A stimulus that functions as a negative reinforcer as a result of the evolutionary development of the species.

Answer 23

Unconditioned negative reinforcer

Question 24

A stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it, irrespective of the organism’s learning history with the stimulus.

Answer 24

Unconditioned punisher

Question 25

A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it, irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus.

Answer 25

Unconditioned reinforcer

Question 26

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response that occurs after a specified and variable time interval is reinforced.

Answer 26

Variable interval

Question 27

A schedule of reinforcement in which a specified but variable number of responses is needed for the delivery of the reinforcer.

Answer 27

Variable ratio

Question 28

A stimulus change or condition that functions to evoke a behavior that has terminated it in the past, as a punisher when presented following behavior, and/or as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior.

Answer 28

Aversive stimulus

Question 29

A behavior that prevents an aversive event.

Answer 29

Avoidance behavior

Question 30

A contingency in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus.

Answer 30

Avoidance contingency

Question 31

A technologically consistent behavior modification method that possesses sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and/or behaviors to warrant its codification and dissemination.

Answer 31

Behavior change tactic

Question 32

Disruptive behaviors which represent a major obstacle to habilitation. Severe aggression, self-injurious behavior, and violent tantrums are some of the behaviors that significantly restrict the lives of those who engage in them.

Answer 32

Challenging behavior

Question 33

A schedule of reinforcement in which each instance of the behavior is followed by the reinforcer.

Answer 33

Continuous reinforcement

Question 34

Behavior that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus.

Answer 34

Escape behavior

Question 35

A contingency in which a response terminates (produces escape from) an ongoing stimulus.

Answer 35

Escape contingency

Question 36

Behaviors maintained with negative reinforcement are placed on escape extinction when those behaviors are not followed by termination of the aversive stimulus; emitting the target behavior does not enable the person to escape the aversive situation.

Answer 36

Escape extinction

Question 37

The process by which, when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer followed by the reinforcing consequences, the frequency of the behavior decreases in the future.

Answer 37

Extinction

Question 38

An increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented.

Answer 38

Extinction burst

Question 39

A process of withholding the maintaining reinforcer of a behavior to decrease its occurrence in the future.

Answer 39

Functional form of extinction

Question 40

A schedule of reinforcement in which not every instance of the behavior is followed by the delivery of the reinforcer. Includes fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, and variable interval schedules.

Answer 40

Intermittent schedule of reinforcement

Question 41

A response behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus, or a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus, that decreases the future frequency of similar responses under similar conditions.

Answer 41

Negative punishment

Question 42

A behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior.

Answer 42

Positive punishment

Question 43

A type of reinforcement in which, contingent on the behavior, a stimulus or event is presented and the probability of the behavior increases in the future.

Answer 43

Positive reinforcement

Question 44

A statement describing a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behavior, and time.

Answer 44

Principle of behavior

Question 45

The occurrence of a previously punished type of response without its punishing consequence.

Answer 45

Recovery from punishment procedure

Question 46

The relative frequency with which operant behavior is emitted during extinction.

Answer 46

Resistance to extinction

Question 47

Behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli.

Answer 47

Respondent behavior

Question 48

A process in which a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, which elicits an unconditioned response.

Answer 48

Respondent conditioning

Question 49

The process by which, when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus gradually ceases to elicit the conditioned response.

Answer 49

Respondent extinction

Question 50

A single instance of an occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior.

Answer 50

Response

Question 51

The process by which behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement are placed on extinction by masking or removing the sensory consequence.

Answer 51

Sensory extinction

Question 52

A behavioral effect associated with extinction in which the behavior suddenly begins to occur after its frequency has decreased to its pre-reinforcement level or stopped entirely.

Answer 52

Spontaneous recovery

Question 53

A decrease in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation.

Answer 53

Abative effect

Question 54

A motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event.

Answer 54

Abolishing operation

Question 55

An alteration in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is altered in effectiveness by the same motivating operation.

Answer 55

Behavior-altering effect

Question 56

The state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer.

Answer 56

Deprivation

Question 57

A procedure in which a specific desirable behavior is followed by a reinforcer but other behaviors are not. The result is an increase in the desirable behavior and extinction of the other behaviors.

Answer 57

Differential reinforcement

Question 58

An opperant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than others.

Answer 58

Discriminated opperant

Question 59

A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced.

Answer 59

Discriminative stimulus

Question 60

A motivating operation that increases the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer.

Answer 60

Establishing operation

Question 61

An increase in the current frequency of behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation.

Answer 61

Evocative effect

Question 62

An inclusive term referring in general to all of a person's learning experiences, and more specifically to past conditioning with respect to particular response classes or aspects of a person's repertoire.

Answer 62

History of reinforcement

Question 63

An environmental variable that (a) alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event.

Answer 63

Motivating operation

Question 64

Occurs when a behavior in a particular situation is followed by a reinforcing consequence, thus making the behavior more likely to occur in similar circumstances in the future.

Answer 64

Operant conditioning

Question 65

The absence of responding for a period of time following reinforcement. This effect is commonly produced by fixed interval (FI) and fixed ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement.

Answer 65

Post-reinforcement pause

Question 66

A decrease in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event caused by a motivating operation.

Answer 66

Reinforcer-abolishing effect

Question 67

An increase in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event caused by a motivating operation.

Answer 67

Reinforcer-establishing effect

Question 68

A behavior change produced by differential reinforcement, resulting in the emergence of a new response class.

Answer 68

Response differentiation

Question 69

Progressive (and ultimately total) loss of effectiveness of a reinforcer.

Answer 69

Satiation

Question 70

A systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena that relies on determinism as its fundamental assumption, empiricism as its primary rule, experimentation as its basic strategy, replication as a requirement for believability, parsimony as a value, and philosophical doubt as its guiding conscience.

Answer 70

Science

Question 71

A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus.

Answer 71

Stimulus control

Question 72

A stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has not produced reinforcement in the past.

Answer 72

Stimulus delta

Question 73

The conventional procedure requires one behavior and two antecedent stimulus conditions.

Answer 73

Stimulus discrimination training

Question 74

An alteration in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event as a result of a motivating operation.

Answer 74

Value-altering effect