intro to anatomy

Question 1

define anatomical position

Answer 1

standard reference position of the body from which all anatomical descriptions are derived

• standing upright:
• head, eyes and toes pointing forwards; anteriorly
• arms held to sides with elbows extended and palms facing anteriorly
• lower limbs held close together with their feet parallel

Question 2

anatomy definition

Answer 2

study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationship among body parts

Question 3

anatomical planes

Answer 3

hypothetical planes used to transect body to describe location of structures or direction of movements

Question 4

frontal / coronal plane

Answer 4

any vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior

Question 5

transverse / horizontal plane

Answer 5

a horizontal plane passing through the standing
body parallel to the ground. It divides the body
into superior and inferior.

Question 6

sagittal plane can be midsagittal

Answer 6

A vertical plane passing through
the standing body from front to back; it
divides the body into left and right halves

Question 7

anterior / ventral

Answer 7

nearer the front surface of the body

Question 8

posterior/dorsal

Answer 8

nearer the back surface of the body

Question 9

superior/rostral/cranial

Answer 9

nearer the crown of the head

Question 10

inferior/caudal

Answer 10

nearer the soles of the feet

Question 11

medial

Answer 11

nearer the midline of the body

Question 12

lateral

Answer 12

further from the midline of the body

Question 13

proximal

Answer 13

nearer to the trunk

Question 14

distal

Answer 14

nearer from the trunk

Question 15

superficial

Answer 15

nearer to the surface of the body

Question 16

deep

Answer 16

further from the surface of the body

Question 17

your head is … to your shoulder

Answer 17

SUPERIOR

Question 18

you hold a knife using the … side of your hand

Answer 18

PALMAR

Question 19

your abdomen is … to your spine

Answer 19

ANTERIOR

Question 20

your elbow is … to your wrist

Answer 20

PROXIMAL

Question 21

your skin is … to your subcutaneous fat

Answer 21

SUPERFICIAL

Question 22

how do joints move?

Answer 22

contraction or relaxation of muscles which are generally paired with one being opposite of the other

Question 23

flexion

Answer 23

to bend or make an angle

Question 24

extension

Answer 24

to stretch or straighten

Question 25

special flexion

Answer 25

Movements at the ankle joint flexion becomes dorsiflexion (movement towards the posterior or dorsal surface of the foot) -Extension becomes plantar flexion (movement towards the anterior or plantar surface)

Question 26

abduction

Answer 26

theses are movements of the limb away from the median plane of the body

Question 27

adduction

Answer 27

towards the median plane of the body

Question 28

rotation

Answer 28

``` these movements can occur: -towards the long axis of the trunk (medial rotation) -away from the long axis of the trunk (lateral rotation) ```

Question 29

circumduction

Answer 29

A combination in sequence of the movements of flexion, | extension, abduction and adduction

Question 30

Specialisations at the digits and thumb

Answer 30

``` Movement of the digits are relative to the axis along the middle of the middle finger. The digits can move away from this axis (abduction) or towards it (adduction). ```

Question 31

thumb

Answer 31

``` The thumb can flex, extend, abduct, adduct and also perform a specialised movement known as opposition ```

Question 32

Supination (upper limb)

Answer 32

supination involves lateral rotation of the forearm | which brings the palm of the hand to face anteriorly.

Question 33

pronation (upper limb)

Answer 33

When the forearm rotates medially, the palm of the | hand turns to face posteriorly.

Question 34

inversion (ankle or foot)

Answer 34

Inversion is a twisting motion of the foot which turns the sole inwards.

Question 35

eversion (ankle or foot)

Answer 35

eversion shows the opposite movement, in that the foot twists to turn the sole outwards.

Question 36

axial skeleton

Answer 36

the bones are located close to or along the central "axis" | of the body.

Question 37

appendicular skeleton

Answer 37

arms and hips and legs

Question 38

X-rays

Answer 38

-beams of electromagnetic waves to produce 2D radiographs -Density of different tissue types represented by black-grey-white -CT scans use x-ray beams to produce 2D and 3D images

Question 39

magnetic resonance imaging MRI

Answer 39

-Utilises radio-waves and magnetic fields to produce images based on tissues proton levels •Commonly used for the assessment of soft tissues and nervous tissues T1: for structures made of mainly fat; (fluids is dark or black, fat is bright or white) T2: for structures made of both water and fat; (fat and fluids are bright)

Question 40

ultrasound

Answer 40

-High frequency sound waves are used to depict tissues based on their density • Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) utilizes portable ultrasound devices for diagnosis and assessment from emergency a and e to surgery and post-operative analysis