Intro To Anatomy 🧬

Question 1

Sagittal Plane (associated directional terms and actions)

Answer 1

divides the body into left and right halves

• midsagittal = midline (runs down the center of the body)
• medial (towards the midline)
• lateral (away from the midline)

Actions = Flexion & Extension

Question 2

Frontal (or coronal) plane (associated directional terms and actions)

Answer 2

divides the body into front and back

-anterior (structure further in front)
-posterior (structure towards the back)

Actions = Adduction & Abduction

Question 3

Transverse Plane (associated directional terms and actions)

Answer 3

dividing the body into upper and lower parts

-superior/ cranial (structure closer to the head)
-inferior/ caudal (closer to the feet)
-Note: cranial & caudal refer to structures on the trunk

Actions = Rotation

Question 4

Proximal vs Distal and when are they used

Answer 4

Distal = structure further away from the trunk or the body’s midline

Proximal = a structure closer to the trunk

Used only when referring to arms and legs regions

Question 5

Superficial vs Deep structures

Answer 5

Superficial = structure closer to the body’s surface

Deep = structure deeper in the body

Question 6

Flexion vs Extension

Answer 6

Flexion = movement that bends the joints or brings the bones closer together (decreases the angles in relation to the joint)

Extension = movement that straightens or opens a joint (increases the angles in relation to the joint)

Question 7

Adduction vs Abduction

Answer 7

Adduction = movement closer to midline
abduction = movement away from midline

Question 8

A cavity and what are the 2 main ones

Answer 8

a hollow space within a larger structure. The two main body cavities are the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity

Question 9

Name all 9 cavities and locations (bonus if you can name 10)

Answer 9

1)Dorsal - backside of the body
2)Cranial - within the skull & contains head
3)Spinal/Vertebral - “within the vertebrae of the spinal column and contains the spinal cord”

4)Ventral - frontside of the body
5)Thoracic - surround the lungs and mediastinum (space between the lungs)
6)Pericardial - (in thoracic) heart, esophagus, and trachea
Abdominopelvic - combo of (7)abdominal cavity (digestive organs) and (8)pelvic cavity (reproductive organs)
(9)Diaphragm - between thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity

Bonus 10 = superior Mediastinum: protecting the sternum

Question 10

Medial (internal) rotation Vs Lateral(external) rotation

Answer 10

Medial rotates = limbs turn toward the midline
Lateral rotates = limbs turn away from the midline

Question 11

Rotation

Answer 11

only to the axial skeleton (head and vertebral column)

Question 12

Circumduction and what other movements does it include?

Answer 12

only possible at shoulder and hip joints (combo of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction; creating cone-shaped movement)

Question 13

Lateral Flexion

Answer 13

only at the axial skeleton, like bending your neck to the side or bending at the hip to one side

Question 14

Elevation vs Depression

Answer 14

elevation = movement superiorly
depression = movement inferiorly

Question 15

Supination vs Pronation

Answer 15

Supination = radius and ulna lie parallel to one another (carrying a bowl of soup)

Pronation = radius crosses over the ulna, turning the palm down (prone to spill it)

Question 16

Inversion vs Eversion and how does it occur?

Answer 16

Inversion (turn in) = elevates the foot’s medial side and brings the sole of the foot medially

Eversion (turn out) = elevates the foot’s lateral side and moves the sole laterally

Occurs as a combo of joint movements in the feet

Question 17

Plantar flexion vs dorsiflexion and where does it occur?

Answer 17

Plantar flexion = moving foot towards the earth/ pressing on gas petal

Dorsiflexion = moving foot away from earth/ releasing gas petal

Only occurs in the ankle

Question 18

Protraction vs Retraction and what does this pertain to?

Answer 18

Pertains to the scapula, clavicle, head, and jaw

Protraction (protrude) = one of the above structures moves anteriorly

Retraction (retreat) = one of the above structures moves posteriorly

Question 19

Deviation

Answer 19

wander from the usual course

Question 20

Opposition and where is the only joint this can take place?

Answer 20

when the thumbpad crosses the palm toward the last finger

only in the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Question 21

Upper Extremity Vs Lower Extremity Vs Axil region

Bonus: where does the thigh start and leg begin?

Answer 21

Upper: scapula to fingers (arms, forearms, and hands

Lower: hip down to toes (thighs, legs, and feet)

Axil region: head and trunk of body

Bonus = thigh (hip to knee), leg (knee to ankle)

Question 22

Adipose

Answer 22

predominately fat and serves as storage for surplus food and insulation to conserve body heat, as well as support and protection for certain structures such as the heart, kidneys, and some joints.

Question 23

Anatomy

Answer 23

“Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body and their positional relationships to one another.”

Question 24

“Cells contain a gel-like intracellular fluid called….

Answer 24

Cytoplasm or protoplasm

Question 25

“The portion of cytoplasm not contained within organelles is called ——. The portion of cytoplasm within organelles is called ——“

Answer 25

Cytosol; endoplasm

Question 26

“(Blank) is the strongest and most durable of all cartilage types. (Blank) disks serve as shock absorbers and are found between vertebrae (intervertebral disks) and in the knee (meniscus).”

Answer 26

Fibrocartilage

Question 27

Diffusion

Answer 27

is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to equalize concentrations.

Question 28

What is the role of epithelial tissue, or epithelium?

Answer 28

To line or cover external and internal body structures; lines open body cavities

Question 29

Hyaline

Answer 29

is an elastic, rubbery, smooth type of cartilage composed of cells in a translucent, pearly-blue matrix.

Question 30

Mitochondria

Answer 30

are the cell’s “power plants” because most chemical reactions involved in cellular respiration happen here.

Question 31

Interstitial

Answer 31

is found in extracellular spaces between tissues. This fluid is primarily water and contains substances, such as salts, sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters.

Question 32

Viscera

Answer 32

Internal organs

Question 33

Feedback system

Answer 33

Occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause-and-effect, that forms, a circuit or loop

Question 34

Negative feedback loops

Answer 34

Mechanisms that consist of reducing the output or activity of an organ or system back to its normal range of functioning

Question 35

Positive feedback loop

Answer 35

Causes a cell amplifying cycle, where a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction. (example pregnancy).

Question 36

Effectors

Answer 36

A bodily organ (as a gland or muscle) that becomes active in response to stimulation

Question 37

Disease

Answer 37

An abnormal or unhealthy state of all, or part of the body, or its systems or organs, where it’s incapable of carrying on its normal function

Question 38

Symptom (subjective evidence)

Answer 38

Subjective evidence of a disease or bodily disorder. It cannot be seen or measured, therefore, we depend on the patient to inform us of these symptoms

Question 39

Sign (objective evidence)

Answer 39

observable (and usually measurable) indication of disease, or bodily disorders

Question 40

Nociceptors

Answer 40

Specialized nerve endings for pain

Question 41

Ischemia

Answer 41

Lack of blood flow

Localized tissue, anemia caused by obstruction of the inflow of blood. Frequently caused by contracted muscles. 

Question 42

Muscle guarding (splinting)

Answer 42

A protective action taken by muscles to protect an area of the body, that is sensed to have a real or perceived injury

Question 43

Gate Control Theory of Pain

Answer 43

states that input that is too painful closes the nerve gates. Muscle confusion slows down pain sensations from traveling to the central nervous system

Question 44

Inflammation and the five most common characteristics 

Answer 44

A protective tissue, response to injury, irritation, or infection.

The characteristics are heat, redness, swelling, and pain. (Sometimes loss of function.)

Question 45

The difference between a scar and an adhesion

Answer 45

Scars are cut tissue that has been repaired/repaired tissue.

Adhesions connect tissue that should not be connected. Tends to happen after surgery