Intro to Animal Organization and Physiology

Question 1

From smallest to largest, what are the 5 levels of organization in the human body?

Answer 1

Cells, tissue, organs, organ system, and organism

Question 2

All cells arise from division of ____ cells.

Answer 2

Preexisting

Question 3

What two general classes of cells does the human body contain?

Answer 3

Somatic or body cells and Germ or reproductive cells: sperm and eggs

Question 4

What is a somatic cell?

Answer 4

Body cells

Question 5

What is a germ cell?

Answer 5

Reproductive cells: sperm and eggs

Question 6

To work efficiently, several different types of cells must _____ their efforts.

Answer 6

coordinate

Question 7

Provide the definition of a tissue:

Answer 7

Collection of specialized cells and cell products that carry out a limited number of function

Question 8

When are tissues formed?

Answer 8

When the same type of cells act together in a function.

Question 9

Define what an organ is?

Answer 9

Collection of tissues working together to perform a function. Eg. lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, kidneys.

Question 10

Do the functions of organ systems share significant overlap?

Answer 10

Yes, eg. the nervous system and the endocrine system both operate via a shared organ: the hypothalamus.

Question 10

What constitutes an organ system?

Answer 10

Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific body function. Eg. Digestive system, cardiovascular system, nervous system, etc.

Question 11

Describe the levels of organization in a multicellular organism? provide examples for all.

Answer 11

Chemical level: a molecule in the membrane that encloses the cell.

Cellular level: a cell in the stomach lining.

Tissue level: layers of tissue in the stomach wall

Organ level: The stomach

Organ/body system: Digestive system

Organism: the whole body

Question 12

What are the two classifications of organisms based on the number of cell?

Answer 12

Unicellular organisms- single cells eg. bacteria

Multicellular organisms- many cells eg. humans, animals

Question 13

What is functions are a distinction of multicellular organisms?

Answer 13

have complex bodies as it performs multitude functions such as respiration, digestion, movement, and blood circulation.

Question 14

All life on earth began as a single cell. T/F

Answer 14

True. These single cells were able to survive on their own for billions of years before aggregating together to form multiple groups.

Question 15

The evolution of multicellularity is a major transition in ______.

Answer 15

Individuality, from autonomously replicating cells to groups of interdependent cells forming higher levels of organization.- evolution of life.

Question 16

Why did the transition into multicellular life begin?

Answer 16

evolution of cooperation, where cells unite together and gain an advantage over solitary cells

Question 17

What is one driving factor mentioned for evolving multicellularity?

Answer 17

predation

Question 18

What drove the early evolution of multicellularity?

Answer 18

Experimental evolution suggests that increase of cell-cell adhesion (triggered by environmental changes)

Question 19

What are two ways multicellular organization may come about?

Answer 19

Aggregation of generally distinct cells

or

incomplete separation after cell division.

Question 20

What are the major features for unicellular organisms?

Answer 20

• They are microscopic
• reproduce via asexual methods like fragmentation, budding, and binary fission
• some can reproduce sexually by means of conjugation
• exchange materials (ions and molecules) with fluid in their external environment
• more challenging to survive

Question 21

Can unicellular organisms reproduce sexually?

Answer 21

Some can by conjugation

Question 22

What are some asexual methods that unicellular organisms reproduce?

Answer 22

fragmentation, budding, binary fission

Question 23

Is being unicellular more or less challenging for survival?

Answer 23

more

Question 24

Give the full definition of multicellular organisms?

Answer 24

Living organisms which consist of multiple different types of cells with distinct cell organelles capable of carrying out life processes or separate cellular actives inside a body.

Question 25

What are some major features of multicellular organisms?

Answer 25

- macroscopic - reproduce via sexual mechanism by fertilization (fusion of male and female gamete) to produce a zygote. - Some have asexual reproductive means by budding and spore formation - use internal microenvironment for exchange of materials. - survival advantages

Question 26

What is the method via most multicellular organisms reproduce?

Answer 26

sexual mechanism in fusion of male and female gamete (fertilization) to produce a zygote.

Question 27

True or False, multicellular organisms CANNOT reproduce asexually.

Answer 27

False. Some multicellular organisms can reproduce by budding or spore formation.

Question 28

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: cell shape.

Answer 28

U: irregular M: definite

Question 29

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Cell organization

Answer 29

U: simple M: complex

Question 30

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Nature

Answer 30

U: microscopic M: macroscopic

Question 31

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: cell type

Answer 31

U: prokaryotes and eukaryotes M: eukaryotes only

Question 32

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Cell differentiation

Answer 32

U: generally absent, but unicellular yeasts may undergo differentiation M: Specialized cell differentiation

Question 33

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Life span

Answer 33

U: short M: long

Question 34

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Division of labor

Answer 34

U: limited to the organelle level M: specifiedto cellular, tissues and organ system level

Question 35

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Operational efficiency

Answer 35

U: low M: high

Question 36

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Regeneration ability

Answer 36

U: Greater tendency to regenerate M: Low regeneration tendency

Question 37

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Reproductive methods

Answer 37

U: budding and binary fission M: Gamete fusion

Question 38

Major differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms: Transport mechanism

Answer 38

U: For food and water occurs through simple diffusion M: For food and water occurs by diffusion, active and passive transport methods.

Question 39

What is histology the study of?

Answer 39

The study of tissues

Question 40

What are the four basic tissue types?

Answer 40

Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Neural Tissue or Nervous Tissue

Question 41

What is the definition of epithelial tissue?

Answer 41

Tissue that lines internal passageways and covers exposed external surfaces, forms glands

Question 42

What is connective tissue?

Answer 42

Fills in internal free spaces, transports materials within the body, stores energy, and forms supportive network.

Question 43

What is muscle tissue?

Answer 43

Specialized in contraction, produce movement

Question 44

What is nervous tissue?

Answer 44

Generates and conducts nervous impulses.

Question 45

what are the three junctions that link cells into tissues?

Answer 45

1. Tight Junctions 2. Anchoring junctions 3. Gap junctions