Intro To AP

Question 1

Name the levels of organization of the body

Answer 1

-Chemical
-Cellular
-Tissues
-Organs
-System level (related organs i.e. digestive
-Organismal level

Question 2

Describe element

Answer 2

A substance that cannot be split into simpler substances by normal means

Question 3

Give examples of inorganic molecules

Answer 3

-Water
-Oxygen gas
-Carbon dioxide gas

Question 4

Describe organic molecules and give examples

Answer 4

-Chemical building blocks of living things
-Contain carbon atoms in chains or rings with hydrogen atoms attached
-Have lots of chemical energy stored in their bonds
Ex. Carbohydrates, porteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Question 5

Describe epithelium and give examples

Answer 5

-Layer of tightly joined cells
-Covers a surface, lines a lumen or forms glands
Ex. Epidermis, mucosal epithelium lining intestine, serosa of stomach surface

Question 6

Describe connective tissue

Answer 6

-Tissue with fewer cells and a matrix of fibers and ground substance
-Binds other tissues together, forms tendons, ligaments, blood, and bone

Question 7

Describe muscle tissue

Answer 7

Electrically excitable contractile tissue

Question 8

Describe nervous tissue

Answer 8

Electrically excitable tissue that conducts impulses

Question 9

Name the different organ systems

Answer 9

-Integumentary
-Muscular
-Skeletal
-Nervous
-Endocrine
-Cardiovascular
-Lymphatic
-Immune
-Respiratory
-Digestive
-Urinary
-Reproductive

Question 10

Name the 6 basic life processes

Answer 10

-Metabolism
-Responsiveness
-Movement
-Growth
-Differentiation
-Reproduction

Question 11

Describe metabolism

Answer 11

The sum of all chemical processes occurring in the body consisting of anabolic and catabolic reactions

Question 12

Describe anabolic reactions and give an example

Answer 12

Involved in the building of large, complex, organic molecules using energy (ATP)
Ex. simple amino acids combined to form complex proteins such as muscle protein

Question 13

Describe catabolic reactions and give an example

Answer 13

Breakdown of large, complex organic molecules into simpler organic molecules liberating heat or energy that can be used to build large molecules again
Ex. breakdown of ingested food

Question 14

Describe nerve cells, muscle cells, and endocrine cells

Answer 14

-Nerve cells: respond to a stimulus by generating a nerve impulse or electrical signal which can be conveyed to muscle cells and glands
-Muscle cells: respond to a stimulus by contracting
-Endocrine cells: secrete hormones which are chemical signals of the endocrine system

Question 15

Describe differentiation

Answer 15

A process whereby a cell changes from an unspecialized cell to a specialized cell with specific functions

Question 16

Describe ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Answer 16

-Ectoderm: outer cells which eventually form epidermis of skin and nervous tissue
-Mesoderm: middle cells which eventually form muscle and connective tissue
-Endoderm: inner cells which eventually form lining of digestive tract

Question 17

Describe homeostasis

Answer 17

The state of the internal environment of the body remaining within certain physiological limits

Question 18

Describe receptor

Answer 18

Receptor: monitors the changes in the controlled condition due to a stimulus and sends or inputs this information to the control center

Question 19

Describe control center

Answer 19

-Usually the brain
-Determines the point at which the controlled condition such as heart rate, body temperature, should be maintained

Question 20

Describe effector

Answer 20

Receives the information or output from the control center and produces a response which alters the controlled condition hopefully returning to homeostasis

Question 21

Describe negative feedback system and give examples

Answer 21

-The response reverses the original stimulus
-Maintain conditions which require frequent monitoring and adjustments
Ex. Maintaining body temperature, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels

Question 22

Describe positive feedback system and give examples

Answer 22

-The response enhances the original stimulus
-Does not require continual fine-tuning
Ex. Blood clotting and labour contractions

Question 23

Describe the abdominopelvic grid

Answer 23

-Subcostal line (top horizontal): inferior to rib cage
-Transtubercular line (bottom horizontal): inferior to top of the hip bone
-Midclavicular lines (two vertical lines): midpoints of clavicles and medial to the nipples

Question 24

Name the abdominopelvic regions

Answer 24

-Right and left hypochondriac (below the cartilage)
-Epigastric and hypogastric (pubic)
-Right and left lumbar
-Right and left inguinal (iliac)
-Umbilical