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EKG > Intro to Basic Electrocardiography > Flashcards

Intro to Basic Electrocardiography Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

outer fibrous layer of pericardial layer

A

parietal pericardium

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2
Q

inner layer of pericardial layer

A

visceral pericardium

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3
Q

lubricates two layers

A

pericardial layer

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4
Q

heart wall: 3 layers

A

epicardium

myocardium

endocardium

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5
Q

thin serous membrane on the outer aspect of the heart

A

epicardium

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6
Q

the muscular middle layer of the heart

A

myocardium

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7
Q

thin serous membrane lining the inner chambers of the heart and valves

A

endocardium

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8
Q

contractile ability; the so-called “working cells” of the heart

what cells

A

myocardial cells

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9
Q

branching network of cells is called a ______

A

syncytium

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10
Q

myocardial cells consist of latticework of protein filaments. what are they?

A

actin and myosin

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11
Q

branching cells with a central nucleus

surrounded by sarcolemma

A

cardiomyocytes

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12
Q

special contact points where cells connect are called

A

intercalated disks

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13
Q

______ in the intercalated disks permit rapid conduction of electrical impulses from one cell to the next

A

gap junctions

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14
Q

myocytes all contract as __________ when stimulated

A

a single unit

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15
Q

_____ hold the cells together during contraction

A

desmosomes

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16
Q

what does the plate of fibrous connective tissue between the atria and ventricles do?

A

provides a support structure for AV and semi-lunar valves

separates upper pumping chambers from lower chambers

electrically insulates atria from ventricles (electrical impulses in atria must travel through specific conduction pathways to ventricles )

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17
Q

contraction phase

A

systole

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18
Q

relaxation phase

A

diastole

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19
Q

amount of blood ejected from ventricles during systole

A

stroke volume

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20
Q

usual stroke volume cc

A

60-100 cc of blood ejected into circulation during each systole

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21
Q

CO =

A

HR x SV

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22
Q

stretching force on ventricular muscle at end diastole

A

preload

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23
Q

pressure against which the heart must pump (blood pressure in aorta

A

afterload

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24
Q

BP =

A

CO times peripheral vascular resistance

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25
where are baroreceptors (pressure receptors) located
aorta carotid aa
26
information from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors is transmitted to the cardioregulatory center in the
medulla oblongata
27
adrenergic system
symp
28
cardioaccelerator - SNS or PNS
SNS increases pacemaker firing increased impulse conduction through heart increased force of contraction coronary vasodilation
29
Ach and vagus
PNS
30
cardioinhibitor: SNS or PNS
PNS
31
if BP is too low.... what happens?
cardioregulatory center activates SNS which: causes release of epi/norepi increases HR and contractility constricts peripheral blood vessels results in increased CO and BP
32
if BP is too high, what happens?
cardioregulatory center activates PNS which: causes release of ACh Decrease HR Lowered BP
33
4 key properties of myocardial cells
automaticity excitability conductivity contractility
34
ability of certain cells to produce an electrical impulse without outside nerve stimulation
automaticity
35
ability to respond to an electrical stimulus
excitability
36
ability to transmit an electrical stimulus from cell to cell
conductivity
37
ability to contract when electrically stimulated
contractility
38
conductive pathway: two cell types
pacemaker cells electrical conducting cells
39
ability to spontaneously generate an impulse (depolarize) at a certain rate what kind of cells
pacemaker cells
40
carry the electrical impulses to appropriate regions of heart what kinda cells
electrical conducting cells
41
5 pacemaker cells
SA node AV node Bundle of His Right and left bundle branches Purkinje fibers
42
heart's primary pacemaker
SA node (high in posterior right atrium)
43
intrinsic rate of SA node
60-100 bpm
44
pathway for impulses to reach ventricles
AV node
45
where is AV node located and what is intrinsic rate
low right atrium 40-60 bpm
46
acts as a gatekeeper for impulses reaching ventricles by conducting impulses more slowly
AV node
47
AV bundle AKA
Bundle of His
48
left bundle branches into what two things
anterior and posterior fascicles
49
terminal branches of right and left bundles that spread out through the myocardium
purkinje fibers
50
intrinsic rate of purkinje fibers
20-40 bpm
51
if SA and AV node fail, what takes over
purkinje fibers
52
polarized state aka
resting state
53
myocardial cells consist of negatively charged ions inside cell and positively charged ions outside the cell what state
polarized state (resting)
54
difference in electrical charge between inside and outside the cell
resting membrane potential
55
isoelectric point represents no net ion flow
resting state
56
when positive ions (Na+) enter the cell, interior becomes positively charged or _______ what else enters the cell
depolarized Ca2+ ions enter
57
the change in electrical charge over time is called what
action potential (or voltage) of cell
58
what happens in repolarization
Na+, Ca++, and K+ level the cell and interior of the cell returns to its negatively charged resting state
59
absolute refractory period relative refractory period
absolute - prevents spasms of continued contraction in one area; temp relative - a very strong stimulus ONLY will cause depolarization
60
how many leads in EKG
12
61
bipolar leads have what
electrodes of opposite polarity (positive and negative)
62
limb leads:
leads I, II, III
63
unipolar leads have what
only a positive electrode and a reference point determined by the EDG machine
64
chest/precordial leads
V1-V6
65
limb leads: bipolar or unipolar
bipolar
66
chest/precordial leads: bipolar or unipolar
unipolar
67
augmented limb leads: unipolar or bipolar
unipolar
68
einthoven's triangle = what kind of views
frontal plane views
69
standard limb leads
leads I, II, III
70
augmented limb leads
aVr, aVL, aVF
71
Chest (precordial) leads = what kind of views
horizontal plane views
72
each lead provides what
different info about direction of the electrical impulse
73
movement toward a positive electrode appears ___ the baseline (upright) on ECG tracing
ABOVE
74
movement away from a positive (or toward a negative_ electrode appears ____ the baseline
below
75
the ECG records what
sum of all the small directional electrical currents - called vectors and their sum is called the electrical axis
76
many small electrical currents in various directions
vectors
77
overall direction of the sum of vectors
axis
78
impulses traveling toward a positive electrode produces ____ deflections
upward deflections
79
impulses traveling perpendicular to the positive node may produce what
biphasic waveform one that has both positive and negative deflection
80
impulses traveling away from a positive electrode and/or toward a negative electrode will produce ____ deflections
downward
81
p wave represents what
atrial depolarizations
82
QRS wave represents
ventricular depolarization
83
T wave represents what
ventricular repolarizations
84
where is atrial repolarization hidden
in QRS wave

EKG (1 decks)

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