Intro to Biochem/Thermodynamics

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

No organelles, No nucleus

Question 2

Eukaryotes

Answer 2

Organelles and multiple linear chromosomes

Question 3

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 3

network of membranes and tubules extending from nuclear envelope

Question 4

Lumen

Answer 4

enclosed aqueous region

Question 5

Rough ER

Answer 5

surface contains ribosomes that catalyze the synthesis of proteins; proteins embedded through membrane to lumen to be packaged into vesicles

Question 6

Smooth ER

Answer 6

portion of ER that does not contain ribosomes; many enzymes involved in lipid metabolism are located here

Question 7

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 7

complex of flattened, fluid filled sacs near the ER; modified components are sorted and packaged into new vesicles

Question 8

Mitochondria

Answer 8

main site of oxidative energy metabolism; porous outer membrane and impermeable inner membrane

Question 9

inner membrane of mitochondria

Answer 9

highly folded to increase surface area and is a matrix where enzymes involved in metabolism are located

Question 10

Chloroplasts

Answer 10

located in photosynthetic plant cells and similar to mitochondria

Question 11

Stroma

Answer 11

space enclosed by the inner membrane in chloroplasts

Question 12

thylakoid membrane

Answer 12

third lipid bilayer membrane that is highly folded into flattened sacs in chloroplasts

Question 13

granum

Answer 13

stacks of flattened sacs in chloroplasts

Question 14

Lysosomes

Answer 14

digestive vesicles catabolize materials ingested by endocytosis

Question 15

Peroxisomes

Answer 15

single membrane vesicles containing catalase and oxidative enzymes

Question 16

Vacuoles

Answer 16

fluid filled sacs surrounded by single lipid bilayer in plants and protists; store water, ions, and nutrients

Question 17

Cytosol

Answer 17

in prokaryotic cells; gel like cytoplasm that has protein content. Contains ribosomes and the nucleoid

Question 18

Cell Wall

Answer 18

Located in plant cells; composed of cellulose

Question 19

Plasma Membrane

Answer 19

lipid bilayer enclosing the cell

Question 20

Relationship between a system, surrounding, and the universe

Answer 20

system+surrounding=universe

Question 21

Isolated System

Answer 21

No exchange of energy and matter

Question 22

Closed System

Answer 22

Exchange of energy but no exchange of matter

Question 23

Open System

Answer 23

Exchange of both energy and matter

Question 24

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 24

Energy of the universe is conserved; energy cannot be created not destroyed

Question 25

+q

Answer 25

heat is added to the system

Question 26

-q

Answer 26

heat is given off by the system

Question 27

+w

Answer 27

work is done by the system to the surroundings (loses energy)

Question 28

-w

Answer 28

work is done to the system by the surroundings (gains energy)

Question 29

State Functions

Answer 29

Independent of the pathway and is denoted with capitals

Question 30

Nonstate Functions

Answer 30

Dependent of the pathway; denoted with lowercase

Question 31

Enthalpy

Answer 31

heat content of the system; at constant pressure and temperature H=q

Question 32

H>0

Answer 32

heat/energy being put into the system; endothermic

Question 33

H<0

Answer 33

heat/energy given off by the system; exothermic

Question 34

Entropy

Answer 34

degree of disorder

Question 35

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 35

All spontaneous processes proceed from order to disorder state. All increase entropy. Will proceed until process reaches equilibrium.

Question 36

Gibbs Free Energy

Answer 36

max amount of work obtained at constant pressure and temperature

Question 37

G<0

Answer 37

process is spontaneous; exergonic. Proceeds from initial to final state

Question 38

G>0

Answer 38

process is nonspontaneous; endergonic. Proceeds from final to initial state

Question 39

G=0

Answer 39

Process is at equilibrium

Question 40

Equilibrium

Answer 40

state of minimal potential energy

Question 41

Sign of G

Answer 41

indicates the direction

Question 42

exergonic

Answer 42

initial ----> final

Question 43

endergonic

Answer 43

initial <----- finial

Question 44

Magnitude of G

Answer 44

how far away the system is from equilibrium