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Biochem > Intro to Biochemistry > Flashcards

Intro to Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Biochemistry: the basis of all life is…

A

The chemical reactions that take place within the cell

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2
Q

Chemistry allows for/

Living matter is characterized by:

A 
Complexity and organization
Use of energy to do work
Dynamic and coordinated 
Sense and respond to changes in surroundings 
Self replication allowing evolution
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3
Q

The Central “Dogma” of Molecular Biolofy

A

Transcription of DNA to RNA, translation of RNA on ribosome to make polypeptide chain
Folding is polypeptide chain (protein)

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4
Q

Biochemistry

A

Structure and function of biological molecules

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5
Q

Living organisms are

A 
Open systems 
(Exchange matter and energy with their surroundings)
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6
Q

Organisms exist

A

In a dynamic and steady state

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7
Q

_______ allows living organisms to transform matter into energy

A

Energy coupling

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8
Q

______ reduce energy requirement for reactions while offering specificity

A

Biological catalysts

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9
Q

The cell theory of life

A

1800s
Living organisms are 1+ cells
Cell basic unit of life, rises from Pre-existing cells

Modern day additions
Energy flow occurs within cells
Cells contain dna
All cells have the same basic chemical composition but can contain unique components

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10
Q

Three distinct domains of life

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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11
Q

Eukaryote cells

A

Membrane bound nucleus

Membrane enclosed organelles

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12
Q

Animal cells

A 
Ribosomes
Peroxisome
Cytoskeleton
Lysosome
Transport vesicle
Golgi complex
Smooth ER
Nucleolus
Nucleus 
Rough ER
Mitochondrion 
Plasma membrane, nuclear envelope
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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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14
Q

Peroxisome

A

Oxidates fatty acids (breaks down)

Contain oxidative enzymes that help detoxify the cell

Sometimes produces H2O2

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15
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Supports cell, aids in movement of organelles

Cellular shape and division

Intracellular organization and transport paths

Cellular mobility

Consists of microtubules
Actin filaments
Intermediate filaments

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16
Q

Lysosome

A

Degrades intracellular debris

Acidic, containing degradative enzymes

Digest waste materials and recycle into simple molecules and put haven into cytoplasm

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17
Q

Transport vesicle

A

Shuttles lipids and proteins between ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane

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18
Q

Golgi complex/apparatus

A

Processes, packages, and targets proteins to other organelles or for export

Cup shaped sacs

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19
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Site of lipid and carbohydrate synthesis synthesis and drug metabolism

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20
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the genes (chromatin)

Also contains nucleolus

21
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and assembly

22
Q

Rough ER

A

Site of much protein synthesis

Flattened sacs and tubules

Covered with ribosomes

23
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Oxidizes fuels and produces ATP

Site of cellular respiration, converting O2 and nutrients into ATL

24
Q

Plasma membrane

A

separates cell from environment, regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell

25
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Segregated chromatin
(DNA + protein) from cytoplasm

Double layer membrane

Contains nuclear pores

Attached to ER

26
Q

Cytosol

A

Very crowded

Parted if the cytoplasm tang is not held by any of the organelles in the cell

Highly viscous, many reactions take place here

27
Q

30 elements essential for life

A

Other than C, CHONPS are most common

28
Q

The major classes of bio molecules

A

Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleus acids

29
Q

Geometric isomers (cis vs trans)

A

Have different physical and chemical properties

30
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Have different physical properties

31
Q

Enantiomers (mirror image)

A

Have identical physical properties (except with regard to polarized light) and react identically with archiral reagents

32
Q

Diastereomers

A

Have different physical and chemical properties

33
Q

If delta G is negative

A

Reaction is spontaneous (occurs without additional energy)

34
Q

How to speed reactions up

A

Higher temps
Higher concentrations of reactants
Changing the reaction by coupling to a fast one
Lower activation barrier by catalysts

35
Q

Endgonic

A

Requires energy

36
Q

Exergonic

A

Releases energy

37
Q

Energy coupling

A

Chemical coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions allows otherwise unfavorable reactions

38
Q

Catalysis

A

A catalyst is a compound that increases the rate of a chemical reaction

Lower activation free energy delta G plus plus

Catalysts first night alter delta G

39
Q

Enzymatic catalysis offers

A

Acceleration under mild conditions

High specificity

Possibility for regulation

40
Q

La Catelelier’s Principle

A

A+B C + D
Reversible reaction

Change in concentration can affect the equilibrium of a system

41
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Produces energy or valuable materials

42
Q

Signal transduction pathway

A

Transmits information

43
Q

Life on earth arose

A

3.5-4.3 billion years ago

44
Q

Evolution

A

Change in heritable traits of populations of biological organisms over successive generations and is driven by natural selection

45
Q

Natural selection

A

Survival of individuals of a population due to differences in phenotypes

46
Q

“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”

A

Dobzhansky

47
Q

Biochemical experimental support for early steps necessary for origin of life

A

Miller and Urey Experiments demonstrating abiotic formation of organic compounds under primitive atmospheric conditions

48
Q

Origin of life Theory: RNA World?

A

RNA can act as both the information carrier and bio catalyst

Biochem (2 decks)

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