Intro to Biomechanics

Question 1

Define sagittal plane

Answer 1

plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves

Question 2

Define coronal plane. It is also known as ______

Answer 2

plane dividing body into equal anterior and posterior halves

frontal plane

Question 3

Define transverse plane. It is also known as ______

Answer 3

plane dividing body into superior and inferior halves

horizontal plane

Question 4

What ranges of motion occur in sagittal plane?

Answer 4

flexion, extension

Question 5

What ranges of motion occur in frontal plane?

Answer 5

abduction, adduction, lateral flexion

Question 6

What ranges of motion occur in transverse plane?

Answer 6

rotation, supination, pronation

Question 7

List the types of joints and give examples of each

Answer 7

1) Ball and socket - shoulder, hip
2) Hinge joint - knee, elbow, ankle, PIP, DIP
3) Ellipsoid - metacarpophalangeal joints
4) pivot joint - atlanto-axial joints, raidohumeral joint
5) saddle joint - carpometacarpal joint, sternoclavicular joint

Question 8

What type of connective tissue has no blood supply but has nerve supply?

Answer 8

ligaments

Question 9

Define monoarticular muscle. Give examples

Answer 9

a muscle that crosses and affects one joint only

soleus, deltoid

Question 10

Define polyarticular muscle. Give examples

Answer 10

a muscle that moves more than one joint

gastrocnemius, hamstring, biceps

Question 11

List the types of muscle contraction

Answer 11

concentric
eccentric
isometric

Question 12

Define scoliosis

Answer 12

abnormal lateral deviation of the spine

Question 13

Primary spinal curvature is termed ______. Secondary spinal curvature is termed ________

Answer 13

kyphotic

lordotic

Question 14

The shoulder joint is a _______ type joint. Its ranges of motion are _______

Answer 14

ball and socket

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial & lateral rotation, horizontal abduction & adduction, circumduction

Question 15

The functions of the glenoid labrum are ________

Answer 15

shock absorption
increase surface contact of humerus
helps circulate sinovial fluid

Question 16

Winging of the scapula can be caused by __________

Answer 16

1) weakening of serratus anterior / long thoracic lesion
2) hypertonic pectoralis, hypotonic rhomboids
3) scoliosis

Question 17

The supraspinatus muscle is responsible for what range of motion? It functions to prevent _______ dislocation of the shoulder

Answer 17

shoulder abduction

superior

Question 18

The infraspinatus muscle is responsible for what range of motion? It functions to prevent ______ dislocation of the shoulder

Answer 18

lateral rotation

anterior

Question 19

The teres minor muscle is responsible for what range of motion? It functions to prevent ______ dislocation of the shoulder

Answer 19

lateral rotation

anterior

Question 20

The subscapularis muscle is responsible for what range of motion? It functions to prevent ______ dislocation of the shoulder

Answer 20

medial rotation

posterior

Question 21

What are the ranges of motion of the elbow?

Answer 21

flexion, extension, supination, pronation

Question 22

The lateral collateral ligament of the elbow is aka ________

The medial collateral ligament of the elbow is aka ________

Answer 22

radial collateral ligament

ulnar collateral ligament

Question 23

Nursemaid’s elbow or Little League elbow is a dislocation of the _________

Answer 23

annular ligament

Question 24

What are the two types of pronation/supination of the elbow?

Answer 24

Pronation/supination through the middle finger

Pronation/supination through the pinky

Question 25

List ranges of motion for the wrist

Answer 25

extension, flexion, adduction/ulnar deviation, abduction/radial deviation

Question 26

List carpal bones from lateral to medial, proximal to distal

Answer 26

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Question 27

List ranges of motion for the hip

Answer 27

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, lateral rotation, medial rotation, circumduction

Question 28

List function of the acetabular labrum

Answer 28

- shock absorption - increase surface contact with femur - help circulate synovial fluid

Question 29

Name the ligament connecting the femur to the hip

Answer 29

ligamentum teres / the round ligament

Question 30

What is the most relaxed position of the hip?

Answer 30

In flexion, abduction and lateral rotation

Question 31

The hip condition where the angle between the head and the shaft of the femur is reduced to less than 120 degrees is ___________. How does this impact hip range of motion?

Answer 31

coxa vara decreased abduction

Question 32

The hip condition where the angle between the head and the shaft of the femur is greater than 135 degrees is ___________. How does this impact hip range of motion?

Answer 32

coxa valga increased abduction

Question 33

The ranges of motion of the knee are ________

Answer 33

flexion, extension, medial rotation, lateral rotation

Question 34

Hyperextension of the knee results in a torn _______

Answer 34

ACL

Question 35

Hyperflexion of the knee results in a torn ______

Answer 35

PCL

Question 36

In knee flexion, the condyles of the femur _____ then _____ on the tibia

Answer 36

roll glide

Question 37

In knee extension, the condyles of the femur ___ then ____ on the tibia

Answer 37

glide roll

Question 38

Genu valgum is also known as ______ and indicates _______

Answer 38

knock-kneed weakened/torn MCL

Question 39

Genu varus is also known as ______ and indicates _______

Answer 39

bow-legged weakened/torn LCL

Question 40

The bones of the hind foot are _______

Answer 40

calcaneus | talus

Question 41

List the tarsal bones

Answer 41

navicular cuboid medial, middle, lateral cuneiform

Question 42

List ranges of motion of the foot

Answer 42

dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, internal rotation/adduction, external rotation/.abduction

Question 43

There are ___ arches of the foot. List them

Answer 43

medial, lateral, transverse arches

Question 44

Cartilage contains blood vessels (T/F)

Answer 44

F

Question 45

Synovial fluid functions to ___________

Answer 45

Lubricate joints and provide nutrients to cartilage

Question 46

Ligaments function to ___________

Answer 46

Strengthen and stabilize a joint

Question 47

Ligaments contain ________ nerve cells capable of _____________

Answer 47

Sensory responding to the speed, movement, and position of the joint, as well as to stretching or pain

Question 48

The muscle that produces a movement is called an __________ and the muscle which produces the opposite movement is called an __________

Answer 48

Agonist Antagonist

Question 49

How do muscle insertions move in: Concentric contraction? Eccentric contraction? Isometric contraction?

Answer 49

Closer together Farther apart No movement

Question 50

List the ligaments of the spinal column

Answer 50

Anterior longitudinal ligament Posterior longitudinal ligament Supraspinous ligaments

Question 51

The nucleus pulposus is ____________

Answer 51

The inner core of the vertebral disc

Question 52

When the vertebra are in flexion, the nucleus pulposus moves in what direction? What about in extension?

Answer 52

Posteriorly Anteriorly

Question 53

The vertebral artery passes through the transverse foramina of _________

Answer 53

C1 - C6

Question 54

The quadrate ligament connects ____________

Answer 54

The radial notch of the ulna to the neck of the radius

Question 55

The interosseus membrane connects _____________

Answer 55

The shafts of the radius and ulna

Question 56

What shape are the ulna and radius in anatomical position? | This curvature allows the radius to cross over the ulna during ____________

Answer 56

Concave anteriorly Pronation

Question 57

List the ligaments in the lateral side of the ankle Medial side of the ankle

Answer 57

Anterior talofibular ligament Posterior talofibular ligament Calcaneofibular ligament Medial collateral ligament / deltoid ligament