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SF3- musculoskeletal > intro to bones > Flashcards

intro to bones Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

main functions of bones

A

-biomechanical
-mineral homeostasis (store Ca2+ and K+)
-site of haematopoiesis (bone marrow)

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2
Q

bone macrostructure

A

-compact/ cortical (outer layer)
-periosteum (connective tissue)
-cancellous (mesh bone tissue/ spongy bone)
-long bones

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3
Q

trabecellular pattern of cancellous

A

-spongy/ porous of hard and soft bone
-contains part of bone marrow

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4
Q

diaphysis

A

middle part of bone

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5
Q

epiphysis

A

end part of bones

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6
Q

metaphysis

A

where the end and middle of bones join

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7
Q

what does the metaphysis contain

A

physis (growth pallet)

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8
Q

what does the medullary cavity contain

A

bone marrow (red/yellow)

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9
Q

structure of bones as living tissue

A

-specialised cells
-nerve supply
-blood supply

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10
Q

ways that bones can be remodelled

A

-continuous deposition and restoration of bone
-forces (eg-compression, shear, tension)

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11
Q

what influences the rate of bone deposition and restoration

A

hormones eg- PTH and calcitonin

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12
Q

what are the 3 ways to classify bones

A

-topologically (cranial/ postcranial and axial/ appendicular)
-formation/ growth (endochondral and intramembranous bones)
-by shape

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13
Q

how are bones classified by shape

A

-long, short and flat bones
-sesamoids (bones embedded in tendons)
-sometimes ‘irregular’ bones

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14
Q

classification of LONG bones structure

A

-shaft (diaphysis)
-2 ends (distal and proximal epiphyses)
-growth plates (physes)
-compact and spongy bone
-medullary cavity

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15
Q

classification of SHORT bone structure

A

-about as long as wide
-different shapes eg- cylindrical and cubic
-compact and spongy bone
-usually no medullary cavity

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16
Q

classification of FLAT bones by shape

A

-thin, flat and wide
-compact bone surrounded by spongy bone or air sinus

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17
Q

classification of SESAMOID bones by structure

A

-found in tendons/ ligaments
-close to joints
-formation is sensitive to biomechanical forces

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18
Q

classification of IRREGULAR bones by structure

A

-odd shapes that dont fit into other groups
-jutting processes
-organ bones eg bones in bovine heart

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19
Q

what is apophysis

A

protuberance developed from an independent ossification centre

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20
Q

what are apophysis’ used for

A

attachment sites for muscles and ligaments

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21
Q

foramen

A

opening in bone

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22
Q

role of the foramen

A

passage of nerves, blood vessels, muscles or other structures

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23
Q

fossa

A

a shallow depression or hollow

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24
Q

role of the fossa

A

accommodates for muscles and other structures

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25
what are skull bones divided into
cranial and facial bones
26
what forms skull bones
separate centres of ossification
27
what separates skull bones in young animals
strips of fibrous tissues
28
which skull bones are endochondral
ventral bones of the cranium
29
which skull bones are intramembranous
dorsal cranial bones and facial bones
30
features of mandible cranial bones
* Several mental foramina (mental branches of inferior alveolar nerves and vessels) * Mandibular foramen (inferior alveolar nerves and vessels) * Coronoid process (attaches temporalis) * Angular process (attaches masseter and medial pterygoid) * Masseteric and pterygoid fossae
31
what is the mandibular cranial bone composed of
-body (horizontal part) -ramus (vertical part)
32
what joins the 2 mandibular bones
symphysis
33
dog and cats mandibular bones
joined firmly but not rigidly united
34
ruminant mandibular bones
symphysis ossifies later or never
35
horses mandibular bones
symphysis completely disappears (2 years old)
36
hyoid bones
series of cranial bony rods joined together
37
what does the hyoid bone do
suspend tongue and larynx from skull
38
where is the stylohyoid bone visible
in the guttural pouch of horses
39
which bones enclose the spinal cord
vertebral bones (spine)
40
what are post cranial axial bones
vertebral bones, ribs, sternum etc
41
how many cervical (neck) bones do mammals have
7
42
where is the thoracic region located
tall spinous process that articulates with ribs
43
what is Wolff's law
bone adapts to load
44
where is the lumbar region
-lower back -long transverse process
45
where is the sacral region
fused together and articulate with the pelvis
46
what is the caudal region of the spine
tail
47
what is between each vertebral body
intervertebral discs
48
where do spinal nerves exit
the intervertebral foramina
49
properties of ribs and there attachments to form ribcage
-paired -articulate with 2 successive vertebrae dorsally -articulate with sternum directly (cranial) or by joining cartilage of previous rib (caudally) -cartillage of last rib may fail to contact (floating rib)
50
rib propper
dorsal bony part
51
costal cartilage
ventral cartilage part
52
what is the cranial most element of the sternum called
manubrium
53
what makes up the sternum
species- specific number of sternebrae with intervening cartilage
54
what does xiphoid cartilage attach to
linea alba (connective tissue that runs down the front of the abdomen)
55
what is included in appendicular pectoral bones
scapula, clavicle, arms, wrists, fingers
56
what is included in apendicular pelvic limb bones
pelvis, legs, toes
57
what attaches the scapula to the body
muscle
58
structure of the scapula
-it has a prominent scapula spine (raised) -the infra-spinous fossae (dip) is below the scapula spine -the supra-spinous fossae (dip) is above the scapula spine
59
dorsal scapula cartilage is found in
ungulates and horses
60
what is the clavicle
collar bone
61
do dogs have a collar bone
it is often reduced or absent
62
humorous
upper arm bone
63
properties of the radius and ulna
-variable mobility/ ability to rotate -ulna has a large olecranon process (most proximal part of the bone which forms the elbow)
63
properties of the radius and ulna
-variable mobility/ ability to rotate -ulna has a large olecranon process (most proximal part of the bone which forms the elbow)
64
radius and ulna in ungulates, horses and pigs are...
fused
65
how are carpal bones arranged
in 2 rows
66
what is a prominant landmark in carpal bones
accessory carpal projects
67
how are metacarpal bones numbered
I-V medial to lateral
68
phalanges 3 parts
proximal, middle, distal
69
where are some examples of sesamoid bones found in the pectoral appendicular bones
-paired proximal sesamoid at palmer MCP (metacarpalphalangeal joint) -singal distal seisamoid at plamer DIP (distal interphalangeal joint) -dorsal sesamoids over dorsal MCP joint
70
what bone is the pelvis articulated with
sacrum (dorsally)
71
where do the two parts of the pelvis meet
pelvic symphysis (ventrally)
72
what 3 bones is each of the pelvic halfs made up of
-ilium -pubis -ischium
73
acetabulum
the pelvic socket where femur joins
74
what are trochanters and what is the function
bony prominance of the femur that allows muscle attachments
75
what are the tendons in the patella
quadriceps tendon
76
what does the patella articulate with
the trochlea of femur
77
febellae
other sesamoids found in dogs
78
location of tibia and fibia WRT eachother
tibia is medial, fibia is lateral
79
are fibia/tibia or radius/ ulna more likley to cross
radius and ulna are more likley to cross
80
how many rows of tarsal bones are there
3
81
proximal row of tarsal bones
talus and calcaneus

SF3- musculoskeletal (2 decks)

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