Intro to Brain & Behavior/Nervous System & Anatomy

Question 1

brain’s primary function

Answer 1

to produce behavior: receive info, perception (integrate information to construct a subjective experience of
reality), produce commands (control movement of muscles)

Question 2

CNS (central nervous system)

Answer 2

brain and spinal cord

Question 3

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

Answer 3

processes radiating out
beyond the brain and spinal cord

includes somatic, autonomic, and enteric

Question 4

nervous system is composed of ______ which communicate with _____, ______, ______, & ______.

Answer 4

neurons, one another, sensory receptors on the skin, muscles, internal body organs

Question 5

cortex/forebrain

Answer 5

Heavily folded outer layer of brain tissue composed of neurons

Question 6

brainstem

Answer 6

core of brain, responsible for most of our unconscious behaviors

Question 7

human behaviors consist of ______ and _______ actions

Answer 7

inherited and learned

Question 8

narrow range of behavior vs complex range of behavior

Answer 8

simple nervous system (ex. sea slug) vs complex nervous system (ex. human)

Question 9

somatic nervous system

Answer 9

controls conscious awareness/processing of body, voluntary movements, and gathers sensory info

Question 10

autonomic nervous system

Answer 10

controls unconscious processes (ex. internal organs)

Question 11

enteric nervous system

Answer 11

controls intestines and stomach (interactions with micro flora in gut)

Question 12

afferent information

Answer 12

sensory info going to the CNS (incoming info)

*remember SAME acronym

Question 13

efferent information

Answer 13

leaving CNS, motor functions

*remember SAME acronym

Question 14

SAME

Answer 14

somatic = afferent, motor = efferent

Question 15

dorsal vs ventral

Answer 15

up (ex. top of head) vs down (ex. chin)

Question 16

medial vs lateral

Answer 16

towards middle vs outer side (ex. ears)

Question 17

anterior (rostral) vs posterior (caudal)

Answer 17

front vs back

Question 18

proximal vs distal (made for limbs)

Answer 18

closer to core/trunk vs farther from core/trunk

Question 19

coronal section cut

Answer 19

cut face off. preserves most lateral, medial, dorsal, & ventral

Question 20

horizontal section cut

Answer 20

cut top off. preserves most anterior, posterior, & lateral

Question 21

sagittal section cut

Answer 21

cut lengthwise from front to back (down the middle = mid________ cut). preserves most medial, ventral, & dorsal zones

Question 22

brain is split into __ hemispheres.
every area of the brain has a _______ of
itself in each hemisphere.
cerebral cortex is made up of ___
sets of ____ lobes

Answer 22

2, mirror, 2, 4

Question 23

sulci (sulcus)

Answer 23

groove in brain matter

Question 24

fissure

Answer 24

a very deep sulcus

Question 25

gyri (gyrus)

Answer 25

protrusion formed by folding of cerebral cortex

Question 26

central sulcus

Answer 26

boundary between frontal lobe & parietal lobe

Question 27

lateral fissure

Answer 27

boundary between temporal lobe and frontal/parietal lobe

Question 28

parieto-occipital sulcus

Answer 28

boundary between parietal and occipital lobe

Question 29

precentral gyrus

Answer 29

motor cortex (anterior to central sulcus)

Question 30

postcentral gyrus

Answer 30

somatosensory cortex (for touch and pain) (posterior to central sulcus)

Question 31

longitudinal fissure

Answer 31

splits the two cortical hemispheres

Question 32

ipsilateral

Answer 32

same side

Question 33

contralateral

Answer 33

opposite side

Question 34

decussate

Answer 34

crosses the midline

Question 35

bilateral

Answer 35

both sides

Question 36

optic chiasm

Answer 36

where visual info decussates

Question 37

pons

Answer 37

relays signals between the brain and spinal cord, and controls unconscious movements, sleep/wake cycle, sensory-motor stuff

Question 38

cerebellum

Answer 38

coordinates movement, balance, posture

Question 39

olfactory bulbs

Answer 39

receive information about smells from the nose and send it to the brain by way of the ________ tracts

Question 40

calcarine fissure

Answer 40

only seen in midsagittal cut, divides occipital lobe into dorsal and ventral sections

Question 41

gray matter

Answer 41

areas of nervous system mostly composed of cell bodies & blood cells for processing

Question 42

nuclei

Answer 42

collection of cell bodies in the CNS

Question 43

ganglion

Answer 43

collection of cell bodies in the PNS

Question 44

axons

Answer 44

go from cell body around the body covered in fatty substance that looks white

Question 45

white matter

Answer 45

areas of the nervous system rich in axons for connections

Question 46

tract

Answer 46

collection of axons in the CNS

Question 47

nerve

Answer 47

collection of axons in the PNS

Question 48

corpus callosum

Answer 48

white matter tracts that connect the two cortical hemispheres without it, each hemisphere acts like its own brain

Question 49

4 ventricles

Answer 49

cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 2 lateral, Third, Fourth

Question 50

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 50

mostly made of sodium chloride & other salts Fills subarachnoid space to cushion the brain

Question 51

ventricular system is filled with _______ and is lined with _______ that produces it

Answer 51

CSF, choroid plexus

Question 52

dura mater

Answer 52

"hard mother" tough outer layer of fibrous tissue

Question 53

arachnoid layer

Answer 53

like a spider web thin sheet of delicate connective tisue

Question 54

pia mater

Answer 54

"soft mother" moderately tough inner layer that clings to brain surface 1 cell thick

Question 55

subarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane (SLYM)

Answer 55

seems to filter waste, between arachnoid & pia layers

Question 56

the meninges

Answer 56

brain protection layers

Question 57

the circle of Willis

Answer 57

part of the blood system that provides oxygen to the cerebral cortex 4 inputs for blood (2 internal carotids, neck; 2 vertebral arteries, spine) blood can still get to cerebral cortex if clot is in the circle because of 4 entry points

Question 58

blood-brain barrier

Answer 58

network of blood vessels & cells that protect the brain from toxins (don't let things in easily like other capillaries) not all regions have it (ex. area postrema - detects toxins and causes you to vomit)