intro to cardiovascular system Flashcards by ben chungq

function of cardiovascular system

Transport of o2 and substrate to cells
Transport of CO2 and metabolites away from cells
Distribution of hormones (e.g. adrenaline)
Defence (WBCs)
Haemostasis (stopping bleeding and maintaining blood in a fluid) (blood platelets)

Thermoregulation - flow to skin and extremities is regulated (heat from deep organs is dissipated)

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blood composition

Cells - 45%
Plasma - 55%

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where is the spleen found

located below the diaphragm, and next to the stomach

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function of the spleen

Store blood and filter it

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what are the 4 pumps in the heart

2 primer pumps and 2 power pumps

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what is contraction of the heart controlled by

the pacemaker and autonomic nervous system

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difference between arteries and veins

Arteries

carries blood away from the heart
Ends at the capillary beds
Have muscular elastic walls

Veins

Carry blood back to the heart
Less muscular than arteries but very elastic walls

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where are coronary arteries branched off from

aorta

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function of coronary arteries

Supply nutrients to heat muscles and waste away from the heart

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fish circulatory system

Only have single atrium and a single ventricle

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amphibians circulatory system

Double circulatory circuit

Have two atrium
Only one ventricle

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mammals circulatory system

Mammals:

Double circulatory circuit

- Two atria and two ventricles Septum separates the atria and the ventricles

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pressures in the blood vessels

The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the systematic circulation at high pressure

The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary circulation at a lower pressure (short distance)

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what are the 2 circulations by the heart

Pulmonary circulation - to and from the lungs

Systematic circulation - to and from the body

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what is diastolic and systolic pressure

Diastolic pressure - contraction

Systolic pressure - relaxation

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the 4 valves in the heart

The four valves in the heart

Aortic valve
Tricuspid valve
Mitral value
Pulmonary valve

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what are the 3 heart walls

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

What is the function of the cardiac skeleton?

Provides structural integrity to the heart

what makes up the pericardial sac

visceral pericardium = epicardium

parietal pericardium

What is another name for atrium?

Auricle

what are inlet valves

They separates atria from ventricle

Hence they are called inlet valves

how many cusps does semilunar valves have

They have three cusps

what type of valves are semilunar valves

outlet valves

where are the valves located at

P (Pulmonary valve): Located near the 3rd intercostal space.
A (Aortic valve): Located around the 4th intercostal space.

M (Mitral valve, also known as the left atrioventricular valve): Positioned at the 5th intercostal space.

5 functional classes of blood vessels

Elastic vessels Conduit and feed vessels Resistance vessels Exchange vessels Capacitance vessels

details of elastic vessels

- Larger vessels (aorta and major branches) - Accommodate stroke volume - they expand to absorb the surge of blood - Convert intermittent ejection into continuous flow - elastic recoil to maintain continuous blood flow

details of the conduit and feed vessels

- Medium sized arteries - Conduct blood flow to organs

Resistance vessels

- Small arteries and arterioles - Control arterial blood pressure - by adjusting their diameter - Control local blood flow - respond to local signals to increase or decrease blood flow to specific area

Exchange vessels

- capillaries - Nutrients delivery to cells - Lymph formation - Removal of metabolic waste

Capacitance vessels

- Veins (mainly large veins) - Control cardiac filling pressure - Reservoir of blood

3 layers of blood vessel

Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica externa

details of tunica intima in artery in vein

- Rippled - Have internal elastic membrane - Smooth - don’t have internal elastic membrane

details of tunica media in artery in vein

- Thick - have external elastic membrane - Mostly smooth muscle cells and elastic fibres - Thin - Don’t have external elastic membrane - Mostly smooth muscle cells and collagen fibres

details of tunica externa in artery in vein

Collagen and elastic fibres Collagen and elastic fibres

what is flow (velocity)

Flow(velocity) - amount of blood flowing through a vessel per given time

what is perfusion

Perfusion - flow per unit mass of tissue

the 2 force acting on a fluid moving across the capillary wall

Oncotic pressure = pressure exerted by the proteins Hydrostatic pressure = pressure exerted by the blood

what are the name of the forces that affect movement of fluids

starling forces

how is lymph formed

- Blood enters the capillary at the arterial end and leaves it at the venous ends - This filtration process provides a continuous supply of interstitial fluid to form lymph

function of the lymphatic system

it carries interstitial fluid into the cardiovascular system

what is oedema

Oedema - abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid

what causes oedema

- Caused by excess filtration - Defective reabsorption - Defective lymphatic drainage