Intro to cells

Question 1

What are the 2 main cell types?

Answer 1

Prokaryotic: No nucleus (e.g., bacteria)
Eukaryotic: Nucleus & organelles (e.g., human cells)

Question 2

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Answer 2

Controls substance movement & responds to signals

Question 3

What are the components of the plasma membrane?

Answer 3

Phospholipid bilayer, proteins, sugars, cholesterol

Question 4

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 4

Stores DNA, controls cells activities, and directs protein synthesis

Question 5

What is cytoplasm?

Answer 5

Gel-like fluid that fills the cell and contains organelles

Question 6

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 6

Produces ATP (energy) through aerobic respiration

Question 7

What is the role of ribosomes?

Answer 7

Protein synthesis

Question 8

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 8

Modifies, packages, and transports proteins

Question 9

What are lysosomes?

Answer 9

Organelles containing enzymes for waste breakdown

Question 10

What is apoptosis?

Answer 10

Programmed cell death to remove old/damaged cells

Question 11

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 11

Provides cell shape, support, and movement

Question 12

What are the 3 main cytoskeleton components?

Answer 12

microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

Question 13

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Answer 13

Rough ER: Protein synthesis (has ribosomes)
Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis & detoxification

Question 14

What does DNA do?

Answer 14

Stores genetic instructions for protein synthesis

Question 15

What is the role of RNA?

Answer 15

Helps in protein synthesis

Question 16

What are the 2 stages of protein synthesis?

Answer 16

Transcription: (DNA–>RNA)
Translation: (RNA–>Protein)

Question 17

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 17

A structure in the nucleus that makes ribosomes

Question 18

What happens during mitosis?

Answer 18

A parent call divides into two identical daughter cells

Question 19

What is necrosis?

Answer 19

unplanned cell death due to injury or lack of oxygen

Question 20

How do lysosomes help the immune system?

Answer 20

They digest pathogens inside white blood cells

Question 21

What is the function of transport vesicles?

Answer 21

Move proteins and molecules within the cell

Question 22

What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump?

Answer 22

Maintains cell balance by moving Na+ out and K+ in

Question 23

What is the role of peroxisomes?

Answer 23

Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances

Question 24

What is the interphase in the cell cycle?

Answer 24

The phase where the cell grows and prepares for division

Question 25

What is the main function of epithelial cells?

Answer 25

Form protective barriers and aid in absorption & secretion

Question 26

What is the main function of muscle cells?

Answer 26

Contraction for movement and force generation

Question 27

what is the role of nerve cells (neurons)?

Answer 27

Transmit electrical signals for communication

Question 28

What is the function of connective tissue cells?

Answer 28

Provide support, structure, and connect tissues

Question 29

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

Answer 29

A network of proteins & molecules that support cells

Question 30

What is the role of stem cells?

Answer 30

unspecialised cells that can develop into different cell types

Question 31

What is the basic unit of life?

Answer 31

The cell

Question 32

What are the main functions of cells?

Answer 32

Growth, metabolism, response to stimuli, reproduction, and homeostasis

Question 33

What is the process by which cells are replaced?

Answer 33

Cell division (Mitosis)

Question 34

What is the hierarchy of biological organisation?

Answer 34

Cells~Tissues~Organs~Systems~Organism

Question 35

What is homeostasis?

Answer 35

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment

Question 36

What are membrane proteins used for?

Answer 36

Transport, signaling, enzymatic activity, and structural support

Question 37

What is cytosol?

Answer 37

The liquid portion of the cytoplasm where organelles are suspended

Question 39

Why do cells age?

Answer 39

Due to accumulated damage and reduced ability to divide

Question 40

What is difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

Answer 40

Apoptosis: Programmed cell death Necrosis: Uncontrolled cell death due to damage

Question 41

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 41

The division of the cytoplasm to form 2 separate cells

Question 42

What is interphase?

Answer 42

The cell grows, duplicates DNA, and prepares for division

Question 43

What are the main phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 43

Interphase and mitosis

Question 44

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 44

A cell without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria)

Question 45

What is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 45

A cell with a nucleus a membrane-bound organelles (e.g., human cells)