Intro To Cellular And Metabolic Bio chem

Question 1

Prokaryotic cells are: (3)

Answer 1

• Cells of bacteria
• Have no clearly defined cell walls
• No clearly defined nucleus nor membrane bound organelles.

Question 2

Animal cells lack a…..

Answer 2

Cell wall

Question 3

Plasmodesmata

Answer 3

A path of chemical communication for plants between adjacent cells.

Question 4

Phototroph

Answer 4

Produce energy from sunlight or photons.

Question 5

What is biochemistry

Answer 5

• Chemical basis of life

- molecules that occur in living systems and the chemical reactions that they are involved in

Question 6

Primary metabolism molecules

Answer 6

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleus acids

Question 7

Saturated hydrocarbon contains ……….

When compared to unsaturated?

Answer 7

Only contain carbon - carbon single bonds

Question 8

Alkanes are…… they have ……. Carbon bonds and the general molecular formula is…….: (3)

Answer 8

• hydrocarbons
• contain only single carbon bonds
• CnH2n+2

Question 9

What is an alkyl group?

Answer 9

A side chain/ functional group of an organic chemical that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Question 10

Structural isomers are

Answer 10

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

Question 11

Alkane (halogen) Substitution reaction

Answer 11

Bonds in an alkane are broken and new bonds are formed between a carbon and a halogen atom.

Question 12

Alkenes general properties (4)

Answer 12

• they have only carbon and hydrogen atoms and have atleast one double carbon-carbon bond
• they are colourless
• relatively low melting points
• they are insoluble in water

Question 13

When naming alkenes the numbering begins from the closest……

Answer 13

Double carbon bond end.

Question 14

When naming alkanes the numbering begins from the closest ……..

Answer 14

functional group end, giving that functional group the lowest possible number.

Question 15

Benzene properties

Answer 15

• aromatic molecule

- does not behave as if it has three single and three double bonds, but behaves as if all carbon bonds are the same.

Question 16

The Properties of Hydroxyl

Answer 16

Hydrogen bonding ability. Alcohol group

Question 17

The Properties of Aldehyde

Answer 17

Reactivity of varying types, O double covalent bond to C, forms after alcohol oxidation. -CHO

Question 18

The Properties of Ketone

Answer 18

Similar properties to aldehyde but not as reactive, formed through oxidation of secondary alcohols. CO

Question 19

The Properties of Carboxyl

Answer 19

Hydrogen bonding and acidic properties, -COOH

Question 20

The Properties of Methyl

Answer 20

Hydrophibic

Question 21

The Properties of Ethyl

Answer 21

Hydrophobic

Question 22

The Properties of Phenyl

Answer 22

Aromatic properties

Question 23

The Properties of Esters

Answer 23

Extension of structure through an oxygen bridge, when a carboxylic forms with an alcohol. Condensation reaction

Question 24

The Properties of Ether

Answer 24

Another way of using oxygen to extend covalent structure, C-O-C bonds.

Question 25

The Properties of Amino

Answer 25

Hydrogen bonding and basic properties

Question 26

The Properties of Amido

Answer 26

Hydrogen bonding ability

Question 27

The properties of Sulphydryl

Answer 27

Ability to form links through disulphide bonds

Question 28

The properties of Disulphide

Answer 28

Extension of structure through a disulphide bridge

Question 29

Bulk Elements (10)

Answer 29

Na, K, H, Ca, C, N, O, P, S, Cl

Question 30

Trace Elements (9 +)

Answer 30

Mg, Mn, fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Zn, Se etc.

Question 31

Primary alcohol

Answer 31

- OH group attached to a carbon that has one other bond to a carbon.

Question 32

secondary alcohol

Answer 32

- OH group attached to a carbon that has bonds to 2 seperate carbon atoms.

Question 33

tertiary alcohol

Answer 33

- OH group attached to a carbon that has bonds to 3 seperate carbon atoms.

Question 34

naming/numbering carbons in alcohols

Answer 34

must number with the OH group as the lowest possible number.

Question 35

COOH

Answer 35

carboxylic acid group (ic)

Question 36

OH

Answer 36

Alcohol

Question 37

C-O-C

Answer 37

Ether

Question 38

-CHO (double bond between C and O

Answer 38

(Al)dehyde (al)

Question 39

-RRCO or -CO (double bond)

Answer 39

Ket(one) (naming one)

Question 40

-COO (one O bond is double)

Answer 40

Ester (ate)

Question 41

-NH2

Answer 41

amino (amine)

Question 42

Amino acids contain

Answer 42

an amino group NH2 and a carboxylic acid group. COOH

Question 43

Metabolism can be devided into 2 components:

Answer 43

anabolism and catabolism

Question 44

anabolism

Answer 44

describes building up or synthetic processes

Question 45

catabolism describes

Answer 45

breaking down or degradative processes.

Question 46

four general categories that require energy for cells to function...

Answer 46

1. for synthesis of new chemical bonds. 2. transport of molecules or ions against concentration gradients. 3. movement (musculoskeletal or circulation) 4. maintenance of equilibrium (temp etc.)

Question 47

Compartmentalisation in the cell,

Answer 47

the way organelles in eukaryotic cells live and work in separate areas within the cell in order to perform their specific functions more efficiently