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Pharmacology > intro to clinical drug action > Flashcards

intro to clinical drug action Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a drug

A

Chemical substance (other than food) that when administered to a living organism produces a biological effect on the structure or function of the body.

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2
Q

What are non-medicinal drugs

A

Caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, cannabis etc

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3
Q

What are the different effects of drugs

A

Therapuetic (beneficial)
Side (known/predictable)
Adverse (unpredictable, can hinder treatment)

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4
Q

What drugs are used in dentistry

A

Local anaesthetic e.g. Lidocaine, Articaine​
Prevent pain during procedures

Antimicrobials e.g. Penicillin, Fluconazole​
Treat and prevent infections

Anxiolytics e.g. Diazepam, Midazolam
Reduce anxiety

Analgesics e.g. Paracetamol, Ibuprofen
Reduce postoperative pain

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5
Q

What is pharmacodynamics

A

The effects of the drug on the body and mechanism of action​

What the drug does to the body​

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6
Q

What is pharmacokinetics

A

Term to describe the 4 stages of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion of drugs​

What the body does to the drug

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7
Q

What can drugs do

A

Simulate normal body communications​

​

Interrupt normal body communications​

​

Act on non-host organisms to aid body defences

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8
Q

What is the difference between hormone and neural messages

A

Hormone - general to ALL
Neural - targetted to SPECIFIC

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9
Q

What do adrenal gland hormones do

A

Regulate stress response, blood pressure, immune system

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10
Q

What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

Rapid metabolism, High pulse rate, Sweating & Heat intolerance, Anxiety and agitation, Weight loss

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism

A

Cold intolerance, Coarse Skin, Memory loss, Slow pulse, Low metabolism

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12
Q

What is the neurotransmitter mainly responsible for the effects of the sympathetic/parasympathetic nvs

A

Sympathetic (Adrenaline)​

Parasympathetic (Acetylcholine)​

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13
Q

What is pilocarpine

A

Increases salivia production
Cholinergic agonist, enhances the function of the sympathetic NS

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14
Q

What is atropine

A

A drug which decreases saliva production
(PSNS inhibitter) cholinergic blocker

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15
Q

What drug has the opposing effect of adrenaline

A

Atenolol

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16
Q

What is topical administration

A

Drug applied to the tissue where it acts

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17
Q

What is the name for when a drug is applied to the whole organism

A

Systemic administration

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18
Q

Injection administration is also called?

A

Parenteral

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19
Q

What is the differece between transdermal and subcutaneous administration

A

Transdermal Drug applied to the skin for adsorption​

Subcutaneous Drug injected into the tissues of the skin

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20
Q

What is intramuscular and intravenous administration

A

injected into the muscle or vein

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21
Q

What is transmucosal administration

A

Drug is applied to the mucosea for adsorption

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22
Q

What are the 4 main modes of action of drugs

A

Activation or blocking of Receptors​

​

Activating or blocking Enzyme function​

​

Opening or blocking Ion Channels​

​

Facilitation or blocking Transport systems

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23
Q

What is efficacy

Study These Flashcards
A

How effective the drug is at producing a response from the receptor​

24
Q

What determines efficacy

Study These Flashcards
A

​

Affinity – how avidly the drug binds to the receptor​

Occupancy – how much time the drug spends on the receptor

25
What is a partial agonist
Binds to receptor but only partially activates the receptor. Less efficacy in comparison to agonist i.e. produces less than maximal effect. ​ Increase partial agonist concentration will improve efficacy for some but not for others ​
26
What is an example of an irreversible antagonist
Penoxybenzamine (alpha 1 blocker)
27
What is a reversible agonist
Atenolol (beta 1 blocker)
28
What is the steps/routeof drugs through the body
Administration Absorption Transport Clinical effect Metabolism Excretion
29
What does enteral mean
Via the gut
30
What is the name for administration not via the gut
Parenteral
31
What pathways are enteral
Oral Rectal Nasogastric Nasointestinal
32
What are the advantages or oral administration
Can self administer Non-invasive Cost effective Convenient
33
What are the disadvantages of oral administration
Slow onset Least reliable Can be innefficient variable absorptionn
34
When does the drug reach systemic circulation
AFTER passing through the liver
35
What drugs are inactivated by the liver
Glyceryl trinitrate (higher doses needed oraly)
36
Name a drug activated by the liver
Valaciclovir (less taken oraly)
37
ADV and DISADV or intravenous and intramuscular
Advantages​ Very rapid onset Predictable plasma levels No first pass metabolism​ Disadvantages​ Allergic reactions more severe Short duration of action Requires trained staff to administer Drug cost higher Painful
38
Name 2 advantages and disadvantages of transdermal and subcutaneous administrations
Advantages​ No first pass metabolism Allergic reactions often very localised Prolonged action – can be days with transdermal patches Can be self administered​ Disadvantages Very slow onset Drug cost higher Effect will vary from person to person and site to site
39
What is bioavailability
Proportion of an ingested drug that is available for clinical effect
40
What factors might alter a drugs bioavailability
Modified by pharmaceutical factors​ Dosage formulation Route of administration ​ Affected by physiological factors​ Destruction in the gut Poor absorption
41
What is drug distribution
Drug distribution is the movement of a drug to and from the blood and various tissues
42
What determines speed of diffusion into tissues from blood
Blood flow to area Membrane characteristics
43
What is the one and two compartment model
Single Compartment model​ Drug behaves as if it is evenly distributed throughout the body​ ​ Two Compartment model​ Drug behaves as if it is in equilibrium with different tissues in the body
44
Where does metabolism occur
Occurs in the liver but some processes occur in gut wall, kidneys, lungs, blood plasma​
45
What are phase 1 metabolism reactions
Phase 1 reactions- Modification​ Examples - Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis
46
What are the enzymes involved in the matabolism of drugs
Cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase system
47
What are phase 2 metabolism reactions
Phase 2 reactions- Conjugation​ Examples - Glucuronidation, sulphation, methylation, acetylation,
48
How does the most extensive excretion occur
Renal excretion of water soluble metabolites – urine​ ​ Liver metabolism and excretion – bile​ ​ Lungs – inhaled gases and volatile fractions of other drugs
49
Does saliva and sweat excrete drugs
Yes in small proportions
50
What are the 3 stages of renal excretion
Glomerular filtration​ Reabsorption​ Secretion
51
What are the main excretory diseases
Renal disease Liver disease
52
What is the plasma half life
Time taken to eliminate half of the drug
53
What is the first order kinetics
Essentially a proportional increase in elimination of drug as plasma conc increases Drug elimination increases as drug concentration increases​ Excretion is by PASSIVE DIFFUSION only
54
What is zero order kinetics
Constant amount of drug is elliminated per unit time irrespective of drug conc Drug elimination is at a FIXED rate – ACTIVE process​ Irrespective of drug concentration​ Can lead to the drug accumulation if saturation exceeded
55
What order of elimination is alcohol removed via
Alcohol begins as zero order kinetics but moves the first order at lower blood level conc
56
What are the safe doses of paracetemol
The manufacturer recommended safe dose of 4g divided over a 24 hour period.
57
Where does the main metabolism of paracetemol occur
Liver

Pharmacology (3 decks)

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