intro to comp phys

Question 1

what do all living things have in common? there are a total of six things.

Answer 1

1. rerproduce sexually or asexually
2. homeostasis
3. have cells
4. grow bigger because of cell division
5. anatomy
6. metabolism

Question 2

animals are ingestive heterotrophs

Answer 2

they are able to eat their own food. ex: bunnies eating cookies

Question 3

how is energy stored short term?

Answer 3

as glycogen

Question 4

energy stored as long term?

Answer 4

triglycerides

Question 5

hox genes

Answer 5

determines identity of developing body segments.

related genes controlling the body plan of embryos along the cranio-caudal (head-tail axis)

Question 6

mesenchyme

Answer 6

is a type of connective tissue found mostly during the development of the embryo. It is composed mainly of ground substance with few cells or fibers

Question 7

relationship between genetic difference of populations and physical separation?

Answer 7

looks like they are clumped together on the low side of the graph

Question 8

bioluminscent

Answer 8

production of light/ emission as a result of chemical energy to light energy

ex: fireflies. their peere lived in oceans. not all light up

Question 9

how does firefly produce light in a dark state?

Answer 9

atp reacts with lucerin to get lucerin amp. Then o2 reacts with lucerin amp

Question 10

how does firefly produce light in a flashing state?

Answer 10

atp reacts with lucerin to get lucerin amp. Then o2 reacts with lucerin amp ALL IN THE PRESENCE OF NITROUS OXIDE

Question 11

WHY does a firefly produce light?

Answer 11

ecological reason: To attract a mate.

evolutionary reason: Light production was adaptive in ancestral fireflies.

Question 12

nat selection

Answer 12

evolutionary process by which genes

encoding adaptive traits increase in frequency in populations over generations

Question 13

evolutionary adaptation

Answer 13

trait (including a physiological mechanism) that has been honed by natural selection.

Question 14

adaptive significance

Answer 14

the reason why it benefits the species in which it occurs.

Question 15

two examples of adaptive significance

Answer 15

1. fireflies flashing light for reproduction to attract mate

2. South asians have larger spleens (due to mutations in T4) that hold more rbc which holds more o2 for diving

Question 16

Convergent evolution

Answer 16

independent evidence of similar features in species of different lineages

Question 17

Evolutionary adaptations are the result of?

Answer 17

NOT COMPLETELY NEW

—- repurposing” materials and structures that are already present and being used for other functions.

Question 18

why are crystallins convergent?

Answer 18

comprise the lenses in animal eyes evolved from chaperone proteins whose original function was to prevent denaturation of companion proteins during high temperature stress.

Question 19

why are the Camera eyes of the cephalopods (octopus, squid, Nautilus) and vertebrates convergent?

Answer 19

diff species but same macroscopic structure of the eyes. However….
Cephalopod photoreceptors point towards the front of the eye
Vertebrate photoreceptors point towards the back of the eye

Question 20

protostome

Answer 20

mouth develops first

Question 21

deutosterone

Answer 21

anus develops first

Question 22

name 3 connections btwn metabolism and atoms

Answer 22

1. what atoms do in body
2. how long atoms stay in body
3. where they stay in the body

Question 23

milieu interieur

Answer 23

body/organisms cells never in contact with external environment bc cells are suurounded by other organs

Question 24

homeostasis

Answer 24

maintain constant internal environment within organism

soemtimes depends on organism
ex: fish has constant blood cl concentration while water cl concen incr

Question 25

define controlled variable and give example

Answer 25

the THING that has to be mainstained constant in the body. | ex: temp

Question 26

set point and giv ex

Answer 26

the level that the controlled variable has to be set at. | ex: body temp is 98.6 F

Question 27

5 steps for neg feedback

Answer 27

1. stimulus causes change in the once maintained controlled variable 2. receptor detects the change 3. sent to afferent 4. control center (brain) will send to efferent cell 5. response to get back to homeostasis

Question 28

define pos feedback and giv examples

Answer 28

``` reinforces the controlled variables ex: 1. one fruit ripens influences the other fruits that are ripening (hormone involved is ethylene) 2. oxytocin in contractions 3. digestion ```

Question 29

regulator

Answer 29

- uses metabolic means to maintain homeostasis in response to environmental changes. - It can control the value of a particular controlled variable.

Question 30

can u be a regulator and conformer at the same time?

Answer 30

yes u can but not with the same control variable

Question 31

conformer

Answer 31

-less control on metabolic minatenenace and depends on environment

Question 32

Anadromous

Answer 32

migrate from salt to freshwater

Question 33

catadromous

Answer 33

migrate from freshwater to marine water

Question 34

osmoregulators

Answer 34

maintain constant internal salt balance when they move from one habitat to another.

Question 35

osmoconformers

Answer 35

They have little or no ability to control their internal salt and water balance. ex: starfish have same salinity as salt water so live in fresh water

Question 36

eury-(parameter).

Answer 36

Organisms that tolerate a wide fluctuation of a given environmental parameter ex: tolerate wide salinity

Question 37

stenoparameter

Answer 37

think of steno as SHARP so cannot fluctuate too much | ex: tolerate narrow salinity

Question 38

stenobathic

Answer 38

animals can tolerate a relatively narrow range of aquatic depth

Question 39

eurytopic

Answer 39

able to live in wide environments (possum)

Question 40

4 develpmental stages that occur regardless of external envoronment

Answer 40

1. embryo 2. juvenile 3. reproductive 4. seniscent adult (old)

Question 41

microenvironment or microhabitat (house, burrow)

Answer 41

small but within a bigger one --- may be different from the larger one

Question 42

the factors of microenvironment

Answer 42

``` light moisture temperature pH etc. ```

Question 43

why is it important for microorganisms to increase diversity

Answer 43

A greater range of habitats for species with different environmental tolerance levels means more species in a given ecosystem.

Question 44

peracute

Answer 44

extremely SHORT TERM sudden change in physiology due to environmental change but these things are always reversible

Question 45

Acclimatization

Answer 45

TYPE OF CHRONIC CHANGE THAT CAN BE WEEK MONTH YEAR ECT!! ---- physiological, biochemical, or anatomical change that occurs within the lifetime of an individual organism resulting from chronic exposure to a naturally occurring environmental challenge.

Question 46

Acclimation

Answer 46

chronic change THAT IS REVERSIBLE --- think of daughter of acclimatization so more control which means ITS MANIPULATED