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bil 360 > intro to comp phys > Flashcards

intro to comp phys Flashcards

1
Q

what do all living things have in common? there are a total of six things.

A
  1. rerproduce sexually or asexually
  2. homeostasis
  3. have cells
  4. grow bigger because of cell division
  5. anatomy
  6. metabolism
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2
Q

animals are ingestive heterotrophs

A

they are able to eat their own food. ex: bunnies eating cookies

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3
Q

how is energy stored short term?

A

as glycogen

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4
Q

energy stored as long term?

A

triglycerides

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5
Q

hox genes

A

determines identity of developing body segments.

related genes controlling the body plan of embryos along the cranio-caudal (head-tail axis)

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6
Q

mesenchyme

A

is a type of connective tissue found mostly during the development of the embryo. It is composed mainly of ground substance with few cells or fibers

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7
Q

relationship between genetic difference of populations and physical separation?

A

looks like they are clumped together on the low side of the graph

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8
Q

bioluminscent

A

production of light/ emission as a result of chemical energy to light energy

ex: fireflies. their peere lived in oceans. not all light up

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9
Q

how does firefly produce light in a dark state?

A

atp reacts with lucerin to get lucerin amp. Then o2 reacts with lucerin amp

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10
Q

how does firefly produce light in a flashing state?

A

atp reacts with lucerin to get lucerin amp. Then o2 reacts with lucerin amp ALL IN THE PRESENCE OF NITROUS OXIDE

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11
Q

WHY does a firefly produce light?

A

ecological reason: To attract a mate.

evolutionary reason: Light production was adaptive in ancestral fireflies.

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12
Q

nat selection

A

evolutionary process by which genes

encoding adaptive traits increase in frequency in populations over generations

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13
Q

evolutionary adaptation

A

trait (including a physiological mechanism) that has been honed by natural selection.

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14
Q

adaptive significance

A

the reason why it benefits the species in which it occurs.

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15
Q

two examples of adaptive significance

A
  1. fireflies flashing light for reproduction to attract mate

2. South asians have larger spleens (due to mutations in T4) that hold more rbc which holds more o2 for diving

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16
Q

Convergent evolution

A

independent evidence of similar features in species of different lineages

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17
Q

Evolutionary adaptations are the result of?

A

NOT COMPLETELY NEW

—- repurposing” materials and structures that are already present and being used for other functions.

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18
Q

why are crystallins convergent?

A

comprise the lenses in animal eyes evolved from chaperone proteins whose original function was to prevent denaturation of companion proteins during high temperature stress.

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19
Q

why are the Camera eyes of the cephalopods (octopus, squid, Nautilus) and vertebrates convergent?

A

diff species but same macroscopic structure of the eyes. However….
Cephalopod photoreceptors point towards the front of the eye
Vertebrate photoreceptors point towards the back of the eye

20
Q

protostome

A

mouth develops first

21
Q

deutosterone

A

anus develops first

22
Q

name 3 connections btwn metabolism and atoms

A
  1. what atoms do in body
  2. how long atoms stay in body
  3. where they stay in the body
23
Q

milieu interieur

A

body/organisms cells never in contact with external environment bc cells are suurounded by other organs

24
Q

homeostasis

A

maintain constant internal environment within organism

soemtimes depends on organism
ex: fish has constant blood cl concentration while water cl concen incr

25
Q

define controlled variable and give example

A

the THING that has to be mainstained constant in the body.

ex: temp

26
Q

set point and giv ex

A

the level that the controlled variable has to be set at.

ex: body temp is 98.6 F

27
Q

5 steps for neg feedback

A
  1. stimulus causes change in the once maintained controlled variable
  2. receptor detects the change
  3. sent to afferent
  4. control center (brain) will send to efferent cell
  5. response to get back to homeostasis
28
Q

define pos feedback and giv examples

A 
reinforces the controlled variables
ex:
1. one fruit ripens influences the other fruits that are ripening (hormone involved is ethylene)
2. oxytocin in contractions
3. digestion
29
Q

regulator

A
  • uses metabolic means to maintain homeostasis in response to environmental changes.
  • It can control the value of a particular controlled variable.
30
Q

can u be a regulator and conformer at the same time?

A

yes u can but not with the same control variable

31
Q

conformer

A

-less control on metabolic minatenenace and depends on environment

32
Q

Anadromous

A

migrate from salt to freshwater

33
Q

catadromous

A

migrate from freshwater to marine water

34
Q

osmoregulators

A

maintain constant internal salt balance when they move from one habitat to another.

35
Q

osmoconformers

A

They have little or no ability to control their internal salt and water balance.

ex: starfish have same salinity as salt water so live in fresh water

36
Q

eury-(parameter).

A

Organisms that tolerate a wide fluctuation of a given environmental parameter

ex: tolerate wide salinity

37
Q

stenoparameter

A

think of steno as SHARP so cannot fluctuate too much

ex: tolerate narrow salinity

38
Q

stenobathic

A

animals can tolerate a relatively narrow range of aquatic depth

39
Q

eurytopic

A

able to live in wide environments (possum)

40
Q

4 develpmental stages that occur regardless of external envoronment

A
  1. embryo
  2. juvenile
  3. reproductive
  4. seniscent adult (old)
41
Q

microenvironment or microhabitat (house, burrow)

A

small but within a bigger one

— may be different from the larger one

42
Q

the factors of microenvironment

A 
light
moisture
temperature
pH
etc.
43
Q

why is it important for microorganisms to increase diversity

A

A greater range of habitats for species with different environmental tolerance levels means more species in a given ecosystem.

44
Q

peracute

A

extremely SHORT TERM sudden change in physiology due to environmental change but these things are always reversible

45
Q

Acclimatization

A

TYPE OF CHRONIC CHANGE THAT CAN BE WEEK MONTH YEAR ECT!!

—- physiological, biochemical, or anatomical change that occurs within the lifetime of an individual organism resulting from chronic exposure to a naturally occurring environmental challenge.

46
Q

Acclimation

A

chronic change THAT IS REVERSIBLE

— think of daughter of acclimatization so more control which means ITS MANIPULATED

bil 360 (11 decks)

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