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Human Structure > Intro To Embryo - weeks 1 thru 2 > Flashcards

Intro To Embryo - weeks 1 thru 2 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Human Embryology

A

study of development and growth of living organism within the uterus, beginning with fertilization and ending with birth of child

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2
Q

Developement

A

extends from fertilization to death

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3
Q

Proliferation

A

increase in cell numbers

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4
Q

Diversification

A

specialization of cells, involving processes of differentiation, pattern formation and morphogenesis

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5
Q

Cellular Differentiation

A

process by which cells become different from another, through progressive acquisition of structural and biochemical specialization

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6
Q

Number of different specialized cells in adult human

A

over 200

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7
Q

Genomic Equivalence

A

Problem in which cells must differentiate but contain the same genes. Solved thorugh differential gene activity

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8
Q

Differential Gene Activity

A

Different genes turned on and off during development, leading specific gene expressions in differentiated cells (specific genes define cell purpose)

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9
Q

Totipotent

A

potential to become any type of cell, extraembryonic or embryonic (zygote and morula)

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10
Q

Pluripotent

A

Somewhat limited differentiation, forming all cells in adult (inner cell mass, epiblast)

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11
Q

Gurdon Lab Experiment

A

experiment in which a complete tadpole and frog resulted from a donor blastula, confirming that differential gene activity does no lead to genes being irreversibly turned off

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12
Q

Pattern formation

A

Complex organization of cell fates in space and time, meaning that structures must form in the correct place, order, and at the correct time. Controlled and regulated by gene expression

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13
Q

Spatial Organization of tissues and organs

A

set up by pattern formation

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14
Q

Lineage

A

developmental history of a differentiated cell, restricts its response to positional information.

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15
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Change in shape; process responsible for producing complex shapes of adults from simple ball of cells derived from division of conceptus. Mechanical process induced by genetic programs according to spatial patterning of cell

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16
Q

Example of mechanism that directs morphogenesis

A

loss of cell to cell adhesion, aka cell migration

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17
Q

Processes resulting from altered cell adhesion

A

migration, ingression, delamination

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18
Q

Migration

A

movement of individual cell with respect to other cellls, notably neural crest cellls and germ cells migrate far from original locaiton

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19
Q

Ingression

A

movement of cell from surface to interior

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20
Q

Delamination

A

movement of cells out of epithelial sheet, often to convert a single layer into multiple layers. Important for gastrulation

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21
Q

Gestational age

A

used clinically to determine pregnancy stage, based on LMP

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22
Q

Fertilization age

A

Actual age of developing human, based on time from fertilization, 2 week past LMP (normally 38 weeks to parturition). Staging used in embryology

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23
Q

Conceptus

A

unimplanted fertilizaed zygote

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24
Q

Embryo

A

implanted zygote

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25
Fetus
developing human, named at week 9
26
Fertilzation
Formation of a zygote/totipotent cell from the fusion of sperm and egg
27
Zona Pellucida function
-prevents premature implantation -lacks self antigen (hide from host immune system -important for sperm attachement
28
Cleavage
specialized cell division whereby daughter cells divide rapidly, reducing size with each division
29
Morula
12 to 32 cells
30
Compaction
formation of tight junctions between outer blastomeres, forming inner and outer ell mass with tight junction serving for ion transfer
31
blastomere
individual cell that results from cleavage
32
16 cell morula
now pluripotent
33
Blastocyst Formation
result of compaction and fluid infiltration following ion transport
34
Trophoblasts
Form outer cell layer of blastocyst following compaction. Will form protective membranes
35
Inner cell mass
pluripotent cell mass that will form embryo
36
Hatching
Degradation of zona pellucida surrounding blastocyst that allows for the now floating blastocyst to hatch on day 5 to 6
37
Cytotrophoblast
differentiated trophoblast, pluripotent cell population that will support the embryo itself
38
Syncytiotrophoblast
MULTI NUCLEATED differentiated trophoblast that orients to endometrial wall during implantation, secreting degrading enzymes to allow for implantation, secreting HCG, and also forms lacunae network. GIVES RISE TO EMBRYO CONTRIBUTION OF UTEROPLACENTAL CIRCULATION VIA DECIDUA REACTION
39
Choriocarcinoma
cancer of the syncytiotrophoblast
40
Early spontaneous abortion
most due to chromosomal abnormalities (prob with meiosis or nondisjunction)
41
Lithopedion
result of ectopic pregnancy of abdominal cavity
42
Multipotent
form some cells, restricted potential (gastrula)
43
44
Embryonic stem cells
can form all differentiated cell types (pluripotential)
45
Adult stem cells
can form a limited number of differentiated cell types (multipotent) (ex: blood SC can only produce more blood cells)
46
IVF
Harvesting of extra blastocysts for potential future implantation
47
Embryonic stem cells
potential of immune rejection is high
48
Somatic nuclear transfer (therapeutic cloning)
Same genotype as patient = no rejection
49
Reproductive cloning
banned in many countries
50
Inducible pluripotent stem cells
can generate pluripotent SC that appear analogous to ESC, potential for producing SC with same genotype as patient and therapeutics that are finely tuned to specific diseases
51
Trophoblastic lacunae
form in syncytiotrophoblasts
52
Decidual cells
swollen, nutrient filled endometrial stromal cells that form in response to invasion of lacunar network
53
Decidual anastomosis
formed by syncytiotrophoblasts invasion and rupture of endometrial sinusoids, causing the lacunar network to be filled with parental blood
54
lamina
meaning layer
55
inner cell mass
differentiates into epiblasts and hypoblasts
56
Epiblasts
DORSAL - give rise to all cells in the adult human
57
Hypoblasts
VENTRAL - give rise to yolk sack and related structure
58
Cavitation
occurs at embryonic pole
59
Bilaminar Embryonic Disc
Formed by cavitation of amniotic cavity and blastocoel, so that disk is suspended at edges. Establishes dorsal-ventral axis
60
Prechordal plate
forms in cranial hypoblasts, establishing cranial-caudal axis
61
Amniotic cavity
formed by cavitation at embryonic pole; lined by epiblasts at embryoblast surface and amniocytes at cytotrophoblast surface
62
Primary yolk sac
established from blastocoel by hypoblasts migrated toward abembryonic pole. Initially lined by hypoblasts initially. Positioned ventral to embyroblast.
63
Extraembryonic Mesoderm
Formed by yolk sac (parietal) hypoblasts. Proliferates until it surrounds the embryo
64
Chorionic cavity
formed by cavitation of the extraembryonic mesoderm
65
Splanchnic extraembryonic mesoderm
associated with yolk sac (hypoblasts)
66
Somatic extraembryonic mesoderm
associated with amnion(epiblasts) and cytotrophoblasts)
67
Chorion
formed by somatic extraembryonic mesoderm and trophoblasts (membrane surrounding the chorionic cavity)
68
Connecting stalk
column of somatic extraembronic mesoderm that suspends embryo in chorionic cavity
69
Secondary/definitive yolk sac
formed by the pinching off and degeneration of the primary yolk sac at the abembryonic pole
70
chorionic stem vill
form and grow into blood filled lacunae
71
Chorionic vessels
vessels of the embryo formed by the somatic extraembryonic mesoderm,
72
4 layers through which embryonic blood and parental blood communicates
synctiotrophoblasts, cytotrophoblasts, loose CT at core of chorionic stem villus, and endothelium of chorionic vessels

Human Structure (10 decks)

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