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Respiratory system > Intro to embryology > Flashcards

Intro to embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-embryonic phase

A

0-3 weeks

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2
Q

Embryonic phase

A

4-8 weeks

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3
Q

Foetal phase

A

9-40 weeks

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4
Q

Fertilisation

A

(pro)nucleus of sperm enters and fuses with the (pro)nucleus of ovum to give a diploid cell called the zygote

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5
Q

Week 1 of pre-embryonic phase

A
  • zygote is formed; divides to form a blastocyst

- moves through the uterine tube, to reach uterine cavity

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6
Q

Zygote

A
  • 1st cell in the body
  • Diploid(46 chromosomes)
  • Genetically unique: 23 of mum’s and 23 of dad’s chromosomes
  • Mitochondria, cell organelles from mum
  • Cell divides by mitosis forming 2 cells, then 4 cells, 8 cells ….
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7
Q

Morula

A

A solid ball of cells formed from the zygote

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8
Q

Mitochondrial disease

A
  • Inherited from mother

- e.g. Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy = blindness

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9
Q

Blastocyst

A

As the number and size of cells increase, getting nutrition to the central core of cells starts becoming difficult.

  • Blastocystic cavity develops.
  • Cells accumulate at one end to form an inner cell mass.
  • The outer lining of cells is called the trophoblast
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10
Q

Zygote to Blastocyst

A
  • First cell division takes 36 hours
  • successive cell divisions take lesser and lesser time
  • By Day 5 or 6 the blastula has formed and this has reached the uterine cavity ready to implant in it.
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11
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

occurs if cilia function is abnormal.

- the dividing zygote requires healthy ciliated epithelium in the fallopian tube to move and reach the uterine cavity

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12
Q

Week 2 of Pre-embryonic phase

A
  • Implantation occurs in the uterine endometrial layer and placenta begins to develop (may start on day 6)
  • Cells that later form the embryo form a bilaminar disc
  • Sacs, membranes and cord to nourish the human conceptus start to form
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13
Q

Implantation

A

At approx 7 days, the blastocyst begin to burrow into the uterine wall(endometrium)

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14
Q

3 main funtions of chorion

A
  1. Implantation process: plays an important role in burrowing (chorionic vili)
  2. Forms part of the placenta in due course
  3. Secretes human Chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
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15
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

A

used to detect pregnancy

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16
Q

Decidua basalis

A

part of the endometrium deep to the implanted conceptus

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17
Q

Human Chorionic Gondaptropin

A 
Secreted by the chorion is going to help maintain the endometrium.
Maternal blood(and urine) levels of hCG increase till around 12 weeks gestation
18
Q

What happens to the inner cell mass

A

The cells of the inner cell mass form a 2–layered flat disc called the BILAMINAR DISC
2 cavities now begin to form:
- Amniotic cavity (A)
- Yolk sac (Y)

19
Q

3 Main functions of the placenta

A
  • Foetal nutrition
  • Transport of waste and gases
  • Immune
20
Q

Foetal part of placenta

A

smooth surfacewith foetal blood vessels and end of umbilical cord

21
Q

Maternal part of placenta

A

Decidua basalis of endometrium

Rough surface and has maternal blood vessels

22
Q

Placenta

A

matures by 18-20 weeks.

weighs 1/6 of the foetus

23
Q

Fraternal / dizygotic multiple births

A
  • 2 ova released -> 2 sperms -> 2 separate zygotes.
  • Different genetic makeups, 2 placentae
  • Can run in families
24
Q

Identical/monozygotic multiple births

A
  • 1 ovum, 1 sperm, 1 zygote initially -> divides into 2 and each cell develops into a different embryo.
  • Same genetic makeup, share one placenta; (might/ might not share amniotic and chorionic sac)
25
Q

Week 3 of pre-embryonic phase

A
  • Formation of germ layers - Gastrulation
  • Formation of neural tube - Neurulation
  • Development of somites
  • Early development of cardiovascular system
26
Q

Primitive streak

A

Formed in the midline of the epiblast by the dipping in of cells(invagination). Once the primitive streak forms, the axis of the embryo is formed.

27
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
28
Q

Gastrulation

A

Epiblast cells migrate into space between epiblast and hypoblast layers
Cells then displace hypoblast
Formation of 3 germ layers(ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
Trilaminar disc is formed
Cells have now become specialised

29
Q

Notochord formation

A

A solid tube of cells called the notochord is formed.

This occurs when cells sink down the ectotherm to form a solid tube in between the mesoderm and endoderm

30
Q

Neurulation

A

Neural tube formation
Notochord induces ectodermal cells in the midline to form a neural tube.
This occurs when the neural plate sinks down to form a neural tube

31
Q

Mesoderm

A

The neural tube induces the mesoderm to thicken.

32
Q

The three parts of the mesoderm

A
  • Paraxial mesoderm -> somites
  • Intermediate plate mesoderm -> urogenital system(kidneys + repro)
  • Lateral plate mesoderm -> body cavity and coverings
33
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm

A

Lateral plate mesoderm splits to form:
- somatic mesoderm
- splanchnic mesoderm
Space formed in between is called the intraembryonic coelom.
Durign teh embryonic phase; body cavities are formed

34
Q

Trophoblast to chorion

A
  • Cells that form the outer cell mass is initially called the trophoblast
  • Divides to form 2 layers
  • Ultimately forms chorion
  • Develops chorionic villi
35
Q

Myometrium

A

Middle layer of the uterine wall

36
Q

Endometrium(decidua)

A

Mucous membrane lining the uterus

37
Q

What is another word for embryonic phase

A

Organogenetic period

38
Q

What day does the heart start to beat

A

Day 24

39
Q

What does the neural tube develop into?

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord development

40
Q

Where does the gut formation occur

A

Endoderm

41
Q

Paraxial mesoderm

A

43 pair of somites form and differntiate further

Respiratory system (4 decks)

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