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Endo Repro Midterm > Intro to Endocrinology DSA > Flashcards

Intro to Endocrinology DSA Flashcards

1
Q

autocrine

LO1

A

hormone from cell type 1 acts directly on cells of the same type and the cell that released it

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2
Q

paracrine

LO1

A

hormone from cell type 1 acts on cell type 2 in the same area

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3
Q

endocrine

LO1

A

hormone from cell type 1 travels through the bloodstream to act on cell type 2

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4
Q

neurocrine

LO1

A

hormone released by a neuron travels through the bloodstream to act on a cell

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5
Q

What are the classic endocrine glands?

LO2

A
  • hypothalamus
  • anterior pituitary
  • posterior pituitary
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal cortex
  • adrenal medulla
  • gonads
  • endocrine pancreas
  • placenta (transitory organ)
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6
Q

What organs primary function is NOT endocrine, but some endocrine cells in these organs secrete hormones?

A
  • adipose tissue
  • heart
  • liver
  • kidney
  • GI tract
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7
Q

What are some examples of hormones modified by peripheral conversion?

A
  • Angiotensin II

- vitamin D

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8
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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9
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

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10
Q

CRH

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone

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11
Q

DHEA

A

dehydroepiandrosterone

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12
Q

DIT

A

diiodotyrosine

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13
Q

DOC

A

11-deoxycorticosterone

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14
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

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15
Q

GHRH

A

growth hormone-releasing hormone

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16
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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17
Q

HCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

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18
Q

HGH

A

human growth hormone

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19
Q

hPL

A

human placental lactogen

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20
Q

IGF

A

insulin-like growth factor

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21
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

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22
Q

MIT

A

monoiodotyrosine

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23
Q

MSH

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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24
Q

PIF

A

prolactin-inhibiting factor (dopamine)

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25
POMC
pro-opiomelanocortin
26
PTU
propylthiouracil
27
SRIP
somatotropin release-inhibiting factor
28
T3
triiodothyronine
29
T4
thyroxine
30
TBG
thyroxine-binding globulin
31
TRH
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
32
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone
33
What hormones are released by the hypothalamus? | LO2
``` TRH CRH GHRH GnRH somatostatin dopamine ```
34
What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary? | LO2
``` TSH FSH LH ACTH MSH growth hormone prolactin ```
35
What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary? | LO2
ADH | oxytocin
36
What hormones are released by the thyroid? | LO2
T3 T4 calcitonin
37
What hormones are released by the parathyroid? | LO2
PTH
38
What hormones are released by the pancreas? | LO2
insulin | glucagon
39
What hormones are released by the adrenal medulla? | LO2
norepinephrine | epinephrine
40
What hormones are released by the kidney? | LO2
renin | 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
41
What hormones are released by the adrenal cortex? | LO2
cortisol aldosterone adrenal androgens
42
What hormones are released by the testes? | LO2
testosterone
43
What hormones are released by the ovaries? | LO2
estradiol | progesterone
44
What hormones are released by the corpus luteum? | LO2
estradiol | progesterone
45
What hormones are released by a placenta? | LO2
hCG estriol progesterone hPL
46
What are the 3 classes of hormones?
peptides and proteins steroids amines
47
What are each of the 3 classes of hormones derived from?
peptides and proteins: amino acids steroid: derivatives of cholesterol amine: derivatives of tyrosine
48
How many amino acids in proteins and peptides?
proteins = equal or greater than 100 aa peptides = less than 100 aa
49
Protein and peptide hormone synthesis | LO3
DNA -Nucleus-> mRNA -Ribosome-> preprohormone -ER-> prohormone -golgi apparatus-> hormone (secretory vesicles)
50
Is a preprohormone biologically active?
No
51
Where are protein and peptide hormones stored?
in secretory vesicles until the endocrine cell is stimulated
52
What are the steroid hormones?
- cortisol - aldosterone - estradiol - estriol - progesterone - testosterone - 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
53
Where are steroid hormones synthesized? | LO3
- adrenal cortex - gonads - corpus lutem * -placenta *in book, but not listed in DSA
54
What are the modifications of cholesterol to make a steroid hormone? LO3
- removal of side chain - addition of side chain - hydroxylation of steroid nucleus - aromatization of steroid nucleus
55
What are the 2 sources of cholesterol?
- 80% taken up as LDL particles through receptor-mediated endocytosis - De novo synthesis from acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
56
Do steroid hormones have genomic or nongenomic actions?
both
57
What are the genomic actions of steroid hormones?
modulate gene transcription by interaction with intracellular, nuclear receptors
58
What are the nongenomic actions of steroid hormones?
rapid steroid actions | -specific receptor mediated actions or direct steroid membrane interactions
59
What are the 2 groups of amine hormones? | LO3
``` Catecholamines -epinephrine -norepinephrine -dopamine Thyroid hormones -T3 -T4 ```
60
How are catecholamines synthesized? | LO3
L-tyrosine -tyrosine hydroxylase-> L-DOPA -DOPA decarboxylase, Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase -> Dopamine - Dopamine beta-hydroxylase -> Norepinephrine - Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase -> Epinephrine - synthesized in the cytosol and secretory granules - act through cell-membrane associated receptors
61
How are thyroid hormones synthesized? | LO3
- synthesized by thyroid gland and stored as thyroglobullin in follicles within the gland - cross cell membrane and act through nuclear receptors
62
``` List the protein binding %, plasma half life, and metabolic clearance (ml/min) for: thyroxine triiodothyronine cortisol testosterone aldosterone thyrotropin insulin ADH ``` LO3
thyroxine: 99.97, 6 days, 0.7 triiodothyronine: 99.7, 1 day, 18 cortisol: 94, 100 min, 140 testosterone: 89, 85 min, 860 aldosterone: 15, 25 min, 1100 thyrotropin: little, 50 min, 50 insulin: little, 8 min, 800 ADH: little, 8 min, 600
63
TRH - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - hypothalamus - stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin
64
CRH - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - hypothalamus - stimulates secretion of ACTH
65
GnRH - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - hypothalamus - stimulates secretion of LH and FSH
66
SRIF - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - hypothalamus - inhibits secretion of growth hormone
67
PIF - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- amine - hypothalamus - inhibits secretion of prolactin
68
GHRH - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - hypothalamus - stimulates secretion of growth hormone
69
TSH - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - anterior pituitary - stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone
70
FSH - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - anterior pituitary - stimulates sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testes - stimulates follicular development and estrogen synthesis in ovaries
71
LH - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - anterior pituitary - stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes - stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries
72
growth hormone - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - anterior pituitary - stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth
73
prolactin - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - anterior pituitary - stimulates milk production and secretion in breast
74
ACTH - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - anterior pituitary - stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormone (cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone)
75
MSH - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - anterior pituitary - stimulates meanin synthesis (? humans)
76
oxytocin - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - posterior pituitary - stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions
77
ADH (vasopressin) - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - posterior pituitary - stimulates water reabsorption in principal cells of collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles
78
T3, T4 - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- amine - thyroid - stimulates skeletal growth; oxygen consumption; heat production; protein, fat, and carbohydrate utilization; perinatal maturation of the CNS
79
calcitonin - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - thyroid - decreases serum [Ca2+]
80
PTH - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - parathyroid - increases serum [Ca2+]
81
cortisol (glucocorticoid) - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- steroid - adrenal cortex - stimulates gluconeogenesis; inhibits inflammatory response; suppresses immune response; enhances vascular responsiveness to catecholamines
82
aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- steroid - adrenal cortex - increases renal Na+ reabsorption, K+ secretion, and H+ secretion
83
DHEA andd androstenedione (adrenal androgens) - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- steroid - adrenal cortex - same actions as testosterone - secondary male sex characteristics
84
testosterone - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- steroid - testes - stimulates spermatogenesis; stimulates male secondary sex characteristics
85
estradiol/estriol - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- steroid - ovaries or corpus luteum or placenta - stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system, follicular phase of menstrual cycle, development of breasts, prolactin secretion; maintains pregnancy
86
progesterone - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- steroid - ovaries or corpus luteum or placenta - stimulates luteal phase of menstrual cycle; maintains pregnancy
87
HCG - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - placenta - stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus luteum of early pregnancy
88
hPL - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - placenta - has growth-hormone-like and prolactin-like actions during pregnancy
89
insulin - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - beta cells of pancreas - decreases blood [glucose]
90
glucagon - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - alpha cells of pancreas - increases blood [glucose]
91
renin - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- peptide - kidney - catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
92
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol - chemical classification - gland of origin - major action
- steroid - kidney - increases intestinal absorption of Ca2+; bone mineralization
93
norepinephrine, epinephrine - chemical classification - gland of origin
- amine | - adrenal medulla
94
negative feedback -definition -net result LO4b/6
some feature of hormone action, directly or indirectly, inhibits further secretion of the hormone (self-limiting) -net result: when hormone levels are adequate or high based on physiologic actions, further secretion of the hormone is inhibited. when hormone levels are judged to be inadequate or low, secretion of the hormone is stimulated.
95
long-loop feedback -definition LO4b
end hormone feeds back ALL the way to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis example: testosterone inhibiting hypothalamus (GnRH) and anterior pituitary (LH)
96
short-loop feedback -definition LO4b
anterior-pituitary hormone feeds back on the hypothalamus to inhibit secretion of hypothalamic-releasing hormone example: LH inhibits GnRH
97
ultrashort-loop feedback -definition LO4b
hypothalamic hormone inhibits its sown secretion | example: GHRH inhibits GHRH secretion
98
positive feedback - definition - example LO4a/6
- some feature of hormone action causes MORE secretion of the hormone (self-augmenting) - example: during follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, the ovaries secrete estrogen. Estrogen acts on anterior pituitary to produce a rapid burst of FSH and LH secretion. FSH and LH --> ovulation and stimulation of estrogen secretion --> burst of FSH and LH that precedes ovulation. - example2: dilation of the cervix causes posterior pituitary to secrete oxytocin --> stimulates uterine contraction --> further dilation of cervix --> parturition
99
Which is more common: positive or negative feedback mechanisms?
NEGATIVE
100
What are the axes in the endocrine system? | LO6
- hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland (HPA) axis - hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid gland (HPT) axis - hypothalamus-pituitary-gonads (HPG) axis
101
How are the first tier of endocrine axes regulated? | LO7
- descending and ascending neuronal inputs modulate hormonal secretion in the hypothalamus - also regulated by physiological stress
102
What are the major neuronal inputs that modulate hormonal secretion in the hypothalamus? LO7
- suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) - impose a circadian rhythm on the secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones and endocrine axes - pineal gland - releases melatonin which feedback to the SCN information about day-night
103
What is the dose-response relationship? | LO8
the magnitude of response is correlated with hormone concentration (response increases then levels off with increasing hormone concentration)
104
What is sensitivity? | LO8
the hormone concentration that produces 50% o the maximal response - if more hormone is required, then there is a decrease in sensitivity of target tissue - if less hormone is required, then increase in sensitivity of target tissue
105
How can the responsiveness or sensitivity of a target tissue be changed? LO8
- changing number of receptors | - changing the affinity of the receptors for the hormone
106
What is down-regulation? | LO8b
the number of receptors or the affinity of the receptors for the hormone has decreased
107
What is up-regulation? | LO8a
the number or affinity of the receptors has increased
108
What are the major mechanisms of hormone action on target cells? LO9
- adenylyl cyclase - phospholipase C - steroid hormone - guanylyl cyclase - tyrosine kinases
109
``` Adenylyl cyclase mechanism -1st messenger -primary effector -2nd messenger -secondary effector LO9a ```
- 1st messenger: hormones (ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, glucagon) - primary effector: adenylyl cylcase - 2nd messenger: cAMP - secondary effector: PKA
110
``` phospholipase C mechanism -1st messenger -primary effector -2nd messenger -secondary effector LO9b ```
- 1st messenger: hormones (GnRH, TRH, oxytocin) - primary effector: phospholipase C - 2nd messenger: IP3/DAG/Ca2+ - secondary effector: PKC or calmodulin
111
``` steroid hormone mechanism -hormone -2nd messenger -receptor -act as LO9c ```
- hormone: thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone - no second messenger - act through cytosolic/nuclear receptors - hormone-receptor complex acts as transcription factor
112
``` guanylyl cyclase mechanism --1st messenger -primary effector -2nd messenger -secondary effector LO9d ```
- 1st messenger: hormones (ANP, NO) - primary effector: guanylate cyclase - 2nd messenger: cGMP - secondary effectory: PKG
113
tyrosine kinase mechanism -categories LO9e
Receptor tyrosine kinases - intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity within receptor - when activated, the intrinsic tyrosine kinase phosphorylates itself and other proteins - examples: nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptors; insulin and insulin like growth receptors Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors -associate non-covalently to proteins that have tyrosine kinase activity (JAK)
114
hypofunction | -definition
reduced production of specific hormones
115
hyperfunction | -definition
increased production of specific hormones
116
mass lesions | -definition
enlargement of the endocrine organ due to an underlying neoplasia or hyperplasia

Endo Repro Midterm (12 decks)

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