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DENT 316 - Pediatric Dentistry > Intro to Growth and Development > Flashcards

Intro to Growth and Development Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

5 parameters of physical growth and development

A
  • Height/linear growth
  • Weight
  • Bone age
  • Dental age
  • Sexual maturity rating (from pre-pubscence to sexual maturity)
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2
Q

10 factors affecting growth and development

A
  • Heredity
  • Nutrition
  • Prematurity
  • Trauma during antenatal, natal and postnatal periods
  • Infections
  • Chromosomal abnormalities
  • Congenital malformations
  • Chronic disease (i.e. renal, cardiac, endocrine)
  • Socioeconomic conditions
  • Cultural factors
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3
Q

How is mental development measured

A

By intelligence tests based on verbal and performance skills and milestones

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4
Q

Define personality development

A

The total organization or patterning of the individual characteristics, their way of thinking, feeling and behaving that comprise their uniqeu ways of relating and adapting to the environment

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5
Q

8 stages of emotional development

A
  1. Development of basic trust
  2. Development of autonomy
  3. Development of initiative
  4. Mastery of skills
  5. Development of personal identity
  6. Development of intimacy
  7. Guidance of next generation
  8. Attainment of integrity
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6
Q

Age range of development of basic trust

A

Birth to 18 months

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7
Q

Age range of development of autonomy

A

18 months to 3 years

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8
Q

Age range of development of initiative

A

3 to 6 years

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9
Q

Age range of mastery of skills

A

7 - 11 years

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10
Q

Age range of development of personal identity

A

12 - 17 years

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11
Q

Age range of development of intimacy

A

Young adult

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12
Q

Type of changes associated with growth

A

Quantitative changes

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13
Q

Type of changes associated with development

A

Functional changes

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14
Q

Type of changes associated with maturation

A

Qualitative changes

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15
Q

7 periods of growth

A
  1. Antenatal
  2. Natal
  3. Post-natal
    1. Infancy
    2. Toddler or preschool
    3. School age
    4. Prepubertal period
    5. Adolescence
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16
Q

Duration of antenatal growth period

A

Average 40 weeks

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17
Q

Duration of natal growth period

A

Few hours to 1 - 2 days

NOTE: many life threatening events can occur

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18
Q

Define the infancy growth period

A
  • Birth to 2 years
  • First month = neonatal
  • Rate of growth falls steadily during first 2 years and levels off
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19
Q

Define the toddler/preschool growth period

A
  • 2 - 4 years
  • Rate of growth slow and steady
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20
Q

Define the school age growth period

A
  • 4 - 10 years (girls)
  • 4 - 12 years (boys)
  • Continued slow, steady growth
  • Terminates when physical maturation begins to quicken along with sexual development
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21
Q

Define the prepubertal growth period

A
  • 10 - 12 years (girls)
  • 12 - 14 years (boys)
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22
Q

Define adolescence

A
  • Increase in growth rate
  • Tapers off as sexual maturity is reached (16 in girls, 18 in boys)
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23
Q

Average birth weight

A

3.5 kg

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24
Q

Pattern of weight gain during childhood

A

Annual weight gain is approximately 2kg between 2 years and puberty

  • 1 year = 10 kg
  • 5 years = 20 kg
  • 10 years = 30 kg
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25
Average height at birth
20 inches
26
Pattern of height increase during childhood
Annual height increase 2 - 3 inches between age 4 and puberty
27
4 types of growth in the craniofacial complex
* Cranial vault * Cranial base * Maxilla * Mandible
28
3 skeletal growth theories
* Bone - primary determinant * Cartilage - primary determinant * Soft tissue matrix
29
3 primary growth sites of craniofacial complex and the type of growth associated
* Cranium - sutures and synchondroses * Mid-face - sutures and cartilaginous * Mandible - condylar growth and intramembranous
30
3 embryological stages of dental development
1. Neural crest cells 2. Dental lamina 3. Components of tooth bud
31
8 morphologic dental development stages
1. Dental lamina 2. Bud stage 3. Cap stage 4. Bell stage 5. Advanced bell stage 6. Hertwig's epithelial root sheath 7. Enamel pearls 8. Formation of enamel and dentin matrices
32
5 histophysiological stages of dental development
1. Initiation 2. Proliferation 3. Histodifferentiation 4. Morphodifferentiation 5. Apposition 6. Calcification & Maturation
33
Result of defect in initiation stage
Anomalies of tooth number
34
4 resultant anomalies if there are problems with proliferation
* Size * Proportion * Number * Twinning
35
Describe the events of histodifferentiation
Differentiation of odontoblasts precedes ameloblasts
36
Resultant anomalies of problems with histodifferentiation
Anomalies of enamel and dentin
37
Describe the events of morphodifferentiation
Basic form and relative size established by differential growth
38
2 resultant anomalies of problems with morphodifferentiation
Anomalies of size and shape
39
Describe the events of apposition
Deposition of matrix of hard dental structures
40
3 anomalies resulting from problems with apposition
Anomalies of enamel, dentin and cementum
41
Describe the events of calcification and maturation
Forms the DEJ outward, from incisal to cervical. Includes post-eruption mineralization
42
Anomalies arising from problems with calcification and maturation
Anomalies of mineralization of enamel and dentin
43
Fetal evelopmental milestone that occurs in 3rd - 6th weeks
Major development of face
44
Fetal developmental milestone in 6th week
Deciduous tooth buds appear
45
Fetal developmental milestone in 10th to 12th week
Fusion of palatal shelves
46
Fetal developmental milestone in 14th week
Deciduous teeth begin to calcify
47
Fetal developmental milestone at 14th to 32nd weeks
Reflexes develop
48
Developmental milestone at birth
Permanent teeth begin to calcify
49
6 functions of primary teeth
* Chewing * Speaking * Appearance * Guide for the permanent dentition * Arch length maintenance * Influence of general health
50
Sequence of eruption of primary dentition
ABDCE
51
Sequence of eruption of permanent maxillary teeth
61245378
52
Sequence of eruption of permanent mandibular dentition
61234578
53
Initiation and calcification of primary central incisors IU
Initiation = 6 weeks Calcification = 14 weeks
54
Initiation and calcification of primary 1st molar in weeks IU
Initiation = 6 weeks Calcification = 15 weeks
55
Initiation and calcification of primary lateral incisors in weeks IU
Initiation = 6 weeks Calcification = 16 weeks
56
Initiation and calcification of primary canine in weeks IU
Initiation = 7 weeks Calcification = 17 weeks
57
Initiation and calcification of primary second molar in weeks IU
Initiation = 8 weeks Calcification = 19 weeks
58
Sequence of calcification of primary dentition
ADBCE
59
Sequence of calcification of cusps of posterior teeth
MB, ML, DB, DL
60
Time between crown completion and eruption to full occlusion
5 years
61
Upper arch eruption of primary teeth in months
62
Lower arch eruption of primary teeth
63
Permanent teeth that initiate at 5 months IU
* Central * Lateral * Cuspid * First bicuspid
64
Initiation time for permanent second bicuspid
10 months PP
65
Initiation time for permanent first molar
20 weeks IU
66
Initiation time for permanent second molar
12 months PP
67
Initiation time of third molar
5 years PP
68
Calcification time of upper and lower permanent first molars
Both at birth
69
Calcification time of upper and lower permanent central incisors
both 3-4 months
70
Calcification time of upper and lower permanent cuspids
Both 4 - 5 months
71
Calcification times of upper and lower permanent lateral incisors
Upper = 10 - 12 mo Lower = 3 - 4 mo
72
Calcification times of upper and lower permanent first bicuspids
Upper = 1.5 - 1.7 yrs Lower = 1.7 - 2 yrs
73
Calcification times of upper and lower permanent second bicuspids
Upper = 2 - 2.2 yrs Lower = 2.2 - 2.5 yrs
74
Calcification times of upper and lower permanent second molars
Both 2.5 - 3 yrs
75
Calcification times of upper and lower permanent third molars
Upper = 8 yrs Lower = 9 yrs
76
Upper arch eruption of permanent teeth (in years)
77
Lower arch eruption of permanent teeth
78
Length of time for root completion of primary teeth
18 months post eruption
79
Length of time for root completion of permanent teeth
3 years post eruption
80
Effect of low birthweight and prematurity on permanent tooth eruption
Delayed eruption
81
Effect of primary tooth loss before age 5
Delay premolar
82
Effect of primary tooth loss after age 8
Accelerate premolar
83
4 clinical guides for permanent tooth eruption
* Root development * Overlying bone * Infection * Timing of primary tooth loss
84
4 local causes for delated primary exfoliation and primary eruption
* Trauma * Impaction * Ankylosis * Supernumaries
85
4 examples of systemic conditions that delay primary exfoliation and permanent eruption
* Cleidocranial dysplasia * Osteogenesis imperfecta * Down syndrome * Low birth weight
86
Local cause of accelerated eruption of primary and permanent teeth
Early loss of primary tooth (closer to normal time of permanent tooth eruption; too early = delayed)
87
3 examples of systemic conditions that cause accelerated eruption of primary and permanent teeth
* Hemifacial hypertrophy * Hyperthyroidism * Precocious puberty
88
2 toxicities causing premature exfoliation of primary teeth
* Mercury poisoning * Radiation
89
6 metabolic errors causing premature exfoliation of primary teeth
* Scurvy * Chediak Higashi Disease * Acatalasia * Hypophosphatasia * Juvenile diabetes * Gaucher's Disease
90
3 malignancies causing premature exfoliation of primary teeth
* Leukemia * Neutropenia * Histiocytosis
91
3 dental issues causing premature exfoliation of primary teeth
* Dentin dysplasia * Periodontosis * Papillon-Lefevre
92
Bone disease causing premature exfoliation of primary teeth
Fibrous dysplasia
93
2 deviations in growth and development causing premature exfoliation of primary teeth
* Hemihypertrophy * Premature teeth
94
2 physical and chemical injuries causing premature exfoliation of primary teeth
* Acrodynia * Facial burns
95
5 aspects of the anatomy of primary teeth
* Height of contour, proximal contact is more gingival * Contact broader bucco-lingually * Bucco-lingual convexities (bulbous) * Mesio-distal convexities * Overal dimensions smaller
96
6 characteristics of the crowns of primary teeth
* Shorter * Narrower occlusal table * Constricted in the cervical portion * Thinner enamel and dentin layers * Ename rods in the cervical area directed occlusally * Color lighter
97
Define Baume spaces
Generalized spaces between teeth allowing for space for permanent dentition and space to clean (less caries)
98
Define primate spaces
* Mesial to maxillary canines * Distal to mandibular canines
99
Define leeway space
* Size differential between primary and permanent molars * Permanent bicuspids are smaller than D+E (0-4 mm difference) * 2.5 mm in mandible, 1.6 mm in maxilla (per side) * NOTE: A lot of leeway space in mandible is lost due to mesial movement of 6's
100
Define mesial step
* Molar class in primary dentition usually allowing for Class I permanent molar relationship (can also lead to Cl III) * If distal surface of lower E is mesial to upper E
101
Define flush terminal plane (straight, end-on)
Molar classification in primary dentition where there is equal distribution between Cl I and CL II in permanent dentition
102
Define distal step
Molar classification in primary dentition resulting usually in Cl II in permanent dentition
103
Ideal incisor relationship parameters
* Overbite = 2 mm (30%) * Overjet = 0 - 3 mm
104
4 parameters of the ideal primary dentition occlusion
* Flush terminal plane or mesial step and class I canines * Baume spacing and primate spacing * 2 mm overjet * 2 mm overbite (30%)
105
How does early mesial shift of permanent molars occur
Closure of generalized spacing in primary dentition. Closure of primate spaces also contributes
106
When does late mesial shift of permanent molars occur
* When 2nd primary molars exfoliate. * Permanent molar shifts mesially. * Growth of mandible

DENT 316 - Pediatric Dentistry (2 decks)

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