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Clinical medicine A > intro to hematology > Flashcards

intro to hematology Flashcards

1
Q

anemia

A

reduction in total number of RBCs, amount of Hb or
RBC mass in circulation

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2
Q

Polycythemia

A

increase in total number of RBCs, amount of
Hb and RBC mass in circulation

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3
Q

Anisocytosis

A

variation in size, RDW > 14.5%

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4
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

variation in shape

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5
Q

Polychromasia

A

increased in reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) in the
peripheral blood stream due to being released prematurely

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6
Q

Hypochromia

A

central pallor > 1/3rd the size of RBC

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7
Q

Microcytosis

A

abnormally small RBCs

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8
Q

Macrocytosis

A

abnormally large RBC’s

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9
Q

Acanthocyte

A

irregularly spiculated RBC (i.e.
abetalipoproteinemia)

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10
Q

Echinocyte

A

RBCs with short, regular spicules (i.e. uremia)

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11
Q

Spherocyte

A

RBC without central pallor (i.e.hereditary
spherocytosis)

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12
Q

Ovalocyte

A

Elliptical RBC (i.e. hereditary elliptocytosis)

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13
Q

Schistocyte

A

Fragmented, bi- or tripolar spiculated RBC (i.e DIC)

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14
Q

Sickle cell

A

bipolar spiculated RBC (i.e.sickle cell disease)

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15
Q

Stomatocyte

A

Mouth-like deformity (i.e.hereditary stomatocytosis)

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16
Q

Target cell

A

RBC with concentric circles (i.e. thalassemias)

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17
Q

Tear drop

A

Unipolar spiculated RBC (i.e. myelofibrosis)

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18
Q

what percent of body weight is whole blood?

A

7-8%

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19
Q

average male whole blood is

A

12 pints

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20
Q

average female whole blood is

A

9 pints

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21
Q

what are the 5 functions of blood

A

oxygen and nutrient transportation
○ blood loss prevention - clotting
○ immune response to fight infection
○ carries waste to kidney & liver
○ body temperature regulation

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22
Q

what are the 4 components of whole blood

A

plasma
RBC
WBC
platelets

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23
Q

Red blood cells aka _________

A

erythrocytes

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24
Q

white blood cells aka _________

A

leukocytes

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25
Q

platelets aka ____________

A

thrombocytes

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26
Q

where does plasma come from?

A

it is mostly water and salt that is absorbed from the intestinal lining

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27
Q

where are blood cells produced

A

bone marrow.

28
Q

what are the extramedullary sites

A

liver and spleen

note: extramedullary sites are just sites of blood cell production outside of the bone marrow.

29
Q

what does plasma look like and what is it made of

A

translucent thin fluid
made of 90% water (rest of it is proteins, hormones, insulin, electrolytes, and nutrients)

30
Q

what is the jobs of plasma

A

transport blood cells, proteins, antibodies ect.
help maintain blood pressure

31
Q

what component of blood plays the largest role in maintaining blood pressure

A

plasma

32
Q

what is the most abundant blood cell

A

red blood cells

33
Q

physically describe a red blood cell

A

flexible, bright red, biconcave disc.

34
Q

what is the primary role of red blood cells and what allows these cells to do this role

A

oxygenate the tissues. RBCs contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues then carries CO2 from the tissues to the lungs.

35
Q

what is the job of erythropoietin

A

to stimulate production of RBCs

note: EPO comes from the kidneys, travels to the bone marrow and stimulates the precursor that causes RBC production.

36
Q

what is the lifespan of Red blood cells

A

120 days

note: after they die they travel to the spleen where they are filtered out of the body

37
Q

what is the primary role of leukocytes

A

fight off foreign cells/infection

38
Q

what are the 5 types of WBC and which is the most abundant

A

neutrophils (most abundant and life span = <1 day)
lymphocyte
monocyte
eosinophil
basophil

note:
neutrophils = bacterial , lymphocyte = viral, mono/eosin/baso = fungal and allergic.

39
Q

what is a platelet

A

a cell fragment WITHOUT a nucleus.

40
Q

how is platelet production stimulated, where are they stored, life span and role in the body

A

by thrombopoietin (hormone released by liver and kidney)
extra platelets are stored in spleen
lifespan 7-10 days
job = assist in clotting

note: there is a video on this on slide 13

41
Q

what are the four most important labs results given within a CBC

A

WBC
Hgb
HCT
PLT

42
Q

what is included in a CBC

A

White Blood Cell (WBC)
● Red Blood Cell (RBC)
● Hemoglobin (Hgb)
● Hematocrit (Hgb)
● Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
● Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
● Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentrations (MCHC)
● Red blood cell Distribution Width (RDW)
● Platelet (Plt)

note: a CBC with diff includes the different types of WBCs including the percentage and absolute values

43
Q

leukocytosis

A

increased WBC

44
Q

leukopenia

A

decreased WBC

45
Q

erythrocytosis

A

increased RBC

46
Q

erythrocytopenia

A

decreased RBC

47
Q

what causes the difference in RBC production between males and females (sorry this answer is long just get the general idea lol)

A

It is probably a direct effect of sex hormones, both estrogen and androgens, on erythropoiesis. However, since there is no difference in erythropoietin levels between the sexes, this effect most likely takes place in the kidney, rather than in the bone marrow. Estrogens dilate and androgens constrict the renal microvasculature: dilation and vasoconstriction in vessels below 300 μm in diameter respectively increase and decrease the hematocrit in blood in arterioles, capillaries and venules, altering the oxygen delivery per unit red cell mass, and providing a mechanism for varying the red cell mass without compensatory changes in erythropoiesis.

48
Q

what could cause a change in hemoglobin

A

^being male (because increased RBC)

^being an infant (apparently due to plasma flowing from intracellular to extracellular space right after birth) <- thats from my own research not from slides.

^high altitude/smokers (because damage to lungs and/or hypoxia = increased EPO = increased Hgb)

decreased in pregnancy (because baby is taking up hemoglobin)

ethnicity causes fluctuations depending on the group-

49
Q

what is hemoglobin

A

a 4-part protein molecule that carries O2 to tissues and CO2 away from tissues.

note: 260 mil hgb molecules per RBC
25 tril RBC in average adult

50
Q

what are the two equations for finding Hct

A

(RBC x MCV)/10 = Hct
Hgb x 3 = Hct

51
Q

mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

A

a test that reflects the individual size of the RBC

note: measured in fL - femtolitre (US femtoliter) is the metric unit of volume equal to 10−15 litres

52
Q

what is the term for low, normal, and high MCV

A

low = microcytosis (small cell size)
normal = normocytosis (normal cell size 80-100fL)
high = macrocytosis (large cell size)

53
Q

mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

A

the amount (WEIGHT) of hemoglobin per RBC
this is directly related to the size!

note: measured in pc which is picoGRAMS!

54
Q

what is the term for low, normal, and high MCH

A

low - hypochromia
normal - normochromia
high - hyperchromia

note: MCH = (Hgb/RBC) x 10
dont have to know, just a reference to see how things are connected.

55
Q

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

A

average hgb concentration in each RBC, also related to size.

note: measured as a percentage, directly related

56
Q

Red cell distribution width (RDW)

A

measures the percent of RBC that fall out of normal range in size. this is directly related to change in MCV

57
Q

what causes increased RDW

A

found in conditions that alter RBC size (high and low MCV) and with reticulocytosis (high RBC prod) and anisocytosis (condition in which RBCs are variable in size)

58
Q

what causes decreased RDW

A

there are no known causes!

59
Q

platelets job

A

helps maintain homeostasis by clotting mechanism

60
Q

low platelet term

A

thrombocytopenia

61
Q

high platelet term

A

thrombocytosis/thrombocythemia

62
Q

mean platelet volume (MPV)

A

reflects average size of platelets

63
Q

what does increased or decreased MPV means

A

increased = increased platelet production (because younger platelets are larger in size)
decreased = decreased platelet production.

64
Q

peripheral blood smear for platelets

A

manually assesses blood cell morphology and cell count such as :
platelets - size, clumping

also visualizes neoplastic cells derived from bone marrow (lymphoid and myeloid cells)

65
Q

peripheral blood smear for RBC

A

manually assesses blood cell morphology and cell count such as:
RBC - size, color (hgb), shape, inclusions, rbc distribtuion

also visualizes neoplastic cells derived from bone marrow (lymphoid and myeloid cells)

66
Q

what is an abnormally shaped RBC called

A

poikilocyte

67
Q

peripheral blood smear for WBC

A

manually assesses blood cell morphology and cell count including:
WBC - manual differential count.

also visualizes neoplastic cells derived from bone marrow (lymphoid and myeloid cells)

Clinical medicine A (32 decks)

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