Intro to human neuroanatomy Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What are the following orientations:
- Superior
- Inferior
- Posterior
- Anterior
- Medial
- Lateral
A
- Superior = above
- Inferior = below
- Posterior = towards the back
- Anterior = towards the front
- Medial = towards the midline
- Lateral = away from the midline
2
Q
What are the orientations for the following:
- Above
- Below
- Towards the back
- Towards the front
- Towards the midline
- Away from the midline
A
- Above = superior
- Below = Inferior
- Towards the back = Posterior
- Towards the front = Anterior
- Towards the midline = Medial
- Away from the midline = Lateral
3
Q
What are dorsal and ventral oreintations of the brain?
A
Dorsal = diagonally back
Ventral = diagonally front
(Defo refer to the diagram for this)
4
Q
What are rostral and caudal orientations of the brain?
A
Rostral = diagonally up
Caudal = diagonally down
5
Q
What is a saggital section of the brain?
A
Down the middle of the brain (top to bottom)
Like a hotdog roll
6
Q
What us a horizontal/transverse section of the brain?
A
Lateral slide of the brain
Like a burger bun
7
Q
What is a coronal section of the brain?
A
Slice ear to ear across the brain
Like a loaf of bread
8
Q
What are the layers called that contain the brain?
A
The meninges
9
Q
What are the 3 meninges that contain the brain?
A
- Dura matter
- Arachnoid matter
- Pia matter
(In order of outside to in)
10
Q
What is the structure of the dura matter that surround the brain like?
A
It has folds or reflections
The reflections keep the brain in place
11
Q
What are the 2 key folds or reflections in the dura matter called?
A
- Falx cerebri
- Tentorium cerebelli
12
Q
What is the arachnoid matter filled with?
A
CSF
13
Q
What is the role of the arachnoid layer?
A
- Recycle CSF back into the body
- Arachnoid matter forms a film over the brain
- Protects brain & keeps it in place
14
Q
What are the 2 main types of meningeal haemotomas?
A
- Subdural haemotoma
- Epidural haemotoma
15
Q
What happens in a epidural haemotoma?
A
Occur when bleeding happens between the skull & the dura matter (outer layer of brain)
16
Q
What happens in a subdural hamotoma?
A
When bleeding occurs between the dura matter and the arachnoid layer
17
Q
Which of the two types of meningeal haemotoma is more severe; subdural or epidural and why?
A
Epidural can be more serious
Subdural rupture liquid has somewhere to go & can spread around brain so less pressure
Epidural will put pressure on brain as tough outer layer (dura)
I think this is wrong im pretty sure the subdural would put more pressure on the brain as it cannot leave the dura mater - pls google this to clarify
18
Q
Which meningeal layer protects the brain?
A
Dura magtter protects & supports the brain
19
Q
Which miningeal layer has blood vessels & cerebral spinal fluid?
A
Arachnoid layer
20
Q
What are the nicknames for each of the meninges?
A
Dura matter = tough mother
Arachnoid matter = spider mother
Pia matter = tender mother
21
Q
What is the role of the falx cerebra (reflection in the brain)?
A
Fold of the dura mater
Seperates the 2 hemispheres of the brain
22
Q
What is the role of the tentorium cerebelli (reflections in the brain)?
A
It is a tough crescent shaped fold of dura matter
Seperates the cerebellum from the occipital lobe (keeps things in place)
23
Q
What is the overall role of the arachnoid matter?
A
Contains blood vessels & CSF
Cont. granulations which drain the fluid into the venous system
24
Q
What are gyrus & sulcus in the brain?
A
Gyrus = bumpy bit
Sulcus = groove
Everyone has a different pattern in their brain (few prominent sulci, same for everyone)
25
What aere the 4 prominent sulci on the surface of the skull?
- **Precentral** sulcus
- **Central** sulcus
- **Lateral** sulcus
- **Parieto-occipital** sulcus
(refer to img for these)
26
What is the lateral sulcus?
Moves anterior to posterior direction - looks a bit like a thumb
Temporal from frontal & parietal lobes
27
What is the precentral sulcus?
Can be difficult to identify
Superior to inferiro direction
Closer to front (anterior) than back
28
What is the central sulcus?
Found behind the precentral (similar characteristics)
29
What is the parieto-occipital sulcus?
Found in the most posterior part of the brain
Seperates parietal & occipital lobes
30
What are the 4 sulci found in a saggital section of the brain?
- Cingulate sulcus
- Marginal sulcus
- Central sulcus
- Calcarine sulcus
31
What is the cingulate sulcus?
Anterior to posterior direction
Spans a lot of the brain
Parallel w corpus callosum
32
Where is the marginal sulcus found?
Where the cingulate sulcus bends up = marginal sulcus
33
Where is the central sulcus found? (saggital view)
Above the marginal sulcus - right side anterior = the central sulcus
Frontal from parietal lobe
34
What is the calcarine sulcus?
Anterior to posterior direction
Location of visual cortex
35
What do the key sulci in the brain allow us to do?
Organise & divide the lobes of the brain
- Frontal
- Parietal = (seperated by parietal-occipital sulci)
- Occipital = ""
- Temporal
36
What are the roles of each of the 4 brain lobes?
Frontal = personality, attention, motivation, movement
Parietal = integrating sensory info, laguage
Temporal = memory, sensory processing, laguage
Occipital = vision
37
What are the 3 main divisions of the brain in structural development?
- Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
- Midbrain (mesencephalon)
- Forebrain (prosencephalon)
38
What does the hindbrain divide into during development?
- Metencepahlon
- Myelencephalon
39
What structures are formed in the hindbrain?
- Pons
- Cerebellum
- Medulla oblongata
40
What does the midbrain divide into during structure development?
Mesencephalon
41
What structures are formed in the midbrain?
- Tectum (colliculi)
- Tegmentum
- Cerebral peduncles
42
What does the forebrain divide into during structural development?
- Diencephalon
- Telencephalon
43
What structures are formed in the forebrain?
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Basal ganglua & cortex
44
What is the hindbrain?
Oldest & most conserved parts of the brain - divided into 2 parts
45
What is the midbrain?
Kind of stands alone, very unique & lots of important functions
Sits on top of pons - technically part of brain stem
46
What is the forebrain?
Most of the brain in this section - all other subcortical structures
Newest & least conserved
47
What is the brain stem composed of?
Midbrain, cerebellum, pons & medulla
48
Where does the thalamus sit?
(Walnut size) Sits on the midbrain
Many pathways of brain communicate thru here
49
Where is the hypothalmus located in relation to the thalamus?
It is located antriorally to the thalamus
50
What is hypothalamus made up of & what does it do?
It is a cluster of nuclei rather than one big structure
It regulates endocrine & atunomic systems
51
Where is the hippocampus located in the brain?
Located laterally in temporal lobes & moves posteriorly in brain
52
What is the role of the hippocampus?
Important for memory & spatial navigation
53
Where are the lateral ventricles in the brain like?
They're big & have horns --> these stretch laterally into temporal lobes
54
What is the basal ganglia?
Made up of putamen & caudate nucleus
Modulates movement
55
What is the diencephalon made up of?
Thalamus & hypothalamus
56
What surrounds the ventricles?
The corpus collosum
57
What is the putamen like?
Large wedge shape structure, part of basal ganglia
More lateral to thalamus
58
Where is the midbrain found?
Sits just above the pons
59
What do the cerebral peduncles look like?
Two bumps called the mamillary bodies - look a bit like muscles
(Can be seen from a ventral veiw)
60
Why are the cerebral peduncles important?
One comes from each side of the brain --> important in descending movement pathway
61
What is the tectum?
4 bumps which can be seen from a dorsal view --> collectively called tectum
62
What are the 4 bumps of the tectum called?
Top 2 bumps = superior colliculi
Bottom 2 bumps = inferior colliculi
63
What is the role of the superior colliculi?
Part of an unconscious info system
(Top 2 bumps of the tectum)
64
What is the role of the inferior colliculi?
Play a role in localisation of sound
(Bottom 2 bumps of the tectum)
65
What does a transverse slice of the midbrain look like?
Looks like mickey mouse
(Judging by the image the cerebral peduncles are Mickey's ears and the tecutum is found at the bottom - refer the the image very helpful)
66
What is the role of the cerebellum?
Equilibrium, porture & synchronisation of movement
67
What is the role of the brain stem?
- Sensory & motor pathways
- Autonomic processes
- Consciousness & sleep
68
What is the role of the thalamus?
Major relay station for sensory info from body
69
What is the role of the hippocampus?
Memory & spatial navigation
70
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
Endocrine functions, autonomic processes
71
What is the role of the ventricles?
Produce cerebral spinal fluid & protect & cushion the brain
72
What is the role of the caudate nucleus & putamen?
(Basal ganglia) - modulate movement, cognition & emotion
73
What are the parts of the tranverse midbrian in terms of the Mickey diagram?
Bottom of head = tectum
Mickey's mouth = cerebral aqueduct
Mickey's headband = substantia nigra
Mickey eyes = highly vascularised area --> not part of core motor system, an acessory motor system
74
What is the cerebral aqueduct?
Narrow thin channel
Periaqueductal gray
75
Why does the substantia nigra appear dark in photos of the midbrain?
(Technically part of basal basal ganglia)
It is part of a group of cells that prodcue dopamine, bc when dopamine is produced, melanin is a by-product
76
What are the 5 parts of the ventricular system?
- Lateral ventricles
- Interventricular foramen
- Third ventricle
- Fourth ventricle
- Cerebral aqueduct
77
What is the main part of the ventricular system?
Lateral ventricles are the main part (sometimes called horns)
78
What is the role of the lateral ventricles?
Large & where a lot of CFS is produced
Flow works in an inside, out & around approach
79
What route does the CSF move around the ventricular system?
- Passes out of **lateral ventricles** thru small hole called **interventricular foramen**
- To the **third ventricle**, flow is consricted, moving inferiorly & still under pressure thru small space in the **cerebral aqueduct**
- Cont to push **CSF** down into **fourth ventricle**
- Then pushed up & airound brain into **subarachnoid area**
80
Where is the fourth ventricle located?
Between brain stem & cerebellum
81
What are the 2 small channels CSF has to pass thru in the midbrain called?
- Interventricular foramen
- Cerebral aqueduct
82
Where can CSF accumulate in the brain after its passed thru the ventricular system?
Cisterna magna --> huge storgae here, good for getting CSF samples
83
What is CSF?
Colourless liquid that;
- Bathes the brain
- Assists in circulating substances
- Provides cushioning
- Absorbs shock
84
Where is CSF produced?
In the choroid plexus & production indices CSF circulation
85
What is the choroid plexus?
A group of cells that line the ventricles
86
How much CSF do we have in the brain at one time and how much is it exchanged?
- Approx 150mL of CSF
- Exch 3 times each day
- Produce approx 500mL of CSF a day
(Allows for constant movement)
87
Describe the entire route of CSF flow around the brain:
- Choroid plexus
- Lateral ventricle
- Interventriculat foramen
- Third ventricle
- Cerebral aqueduct
- Fourth ventricle
- Ciserna magna (stored)
- Arachnoid granulation
- Sits inside superior saggital sinus
88
What is hydrocephalus?
An accumulation of CSF
CSF flow can get blocked = enlarged ventricles, don't have space for 0.5L of CSF --> pressure on rest of brain!!
89
What is an accumulation of CSF in the ventricles called?
Hydrocephalus
90
What are the ventricles?
Series of inter-connected, fluid filled cavities that cushion the brain & bathe it in CSF
91
What happens gto CSF after it leaves the ventricles?
Enters CISTERNS & sub arachnoid space b4 being circulated upwards & re-absorbed by ARACHNOID GRANULATIONS into veous circulation
92
What components of the cerebral blood supply feed the posterior part of the brain?
Vertebral arteries;
- Inferior posterior cerebellar arteries
- Basilar artery;
- Inferior anterior cerebellar arteries
- Superior cerebellar arteries
- Posterior cerebral arteries
93
What components of the cerebral blood supply feed the anterior aspect of the brain?
The cartoid arteries;
- Anterior cerebral arteries
- Middle cerebral arteries
94
What is the circle of Willis?
A major anastomis (connection between blood vessels) for the brain
95
Where do the inferior posterior cerebellar arteries supply blood to in the brain?
Posterior cerebellum
96
Where does the basilar artery supply blood to in the brain?
Brain stem
97
Where do the inferior anterior cerebellar arteries supply blood to in the brain?
Anterior cerebellum
98
Where do the superior cerebellar arteries supply blood to in the brain?
Cerebellum
99
Where do the posterior cerebral arteries supply blood to in the brain?
Medial occipital & inferiro temporal lobe, hippocampus
100
Where do the anterior cerebral arteries supply blood to in the brain?
Medial frontal lobe, corpus callosum
101
Where do the middle cerebral arteries supply blood to in the brain?
Lateral temporal & parietal lobes & posterior frontal lobe
102
When looking at an image of the brain what do the carotid arteries look like?
Stumps - they have to be cut to see the brain
When not cut they curl as they enter the skull
103
Which group of arteries feed the front vs the back of the brain?
Front (anterior) = carotid arteries
Back (posterior) = vertebral arteries
104
What is the blood brain barrier (BBB)?
An interface that ensures the circulatory system (blood) is kept seperate from the CSF
105
What molecules can/can't pass into the brain from the blood brain barrier?
Can:
Small molecules (oxygen, CO2, glucose or select amino acids)
Can't:
Pathogens & larger molceules (antibodies cannot)
106
What is a tight junction?
Blood vessels = composed of layer of endothelial cells, which fit together tightly
When 2 cells touch, their membranes create TIGHT JUNCTIONS
107
What is the basement membrane?
SUrrounds endothelial cells
108
What P and A play a role in maintaining the BBB?
Pericytes
Astrocytes
109
What does the basement membrane do around the blood vessel?
This & fibrous connective tissues --> Cont different extracellular matrix proteins
Seperate the endothelial cells from surrounding tissue
Embedded in basement membrane = pericytes
110
What is the role of pericytes in the BBB?
(Surround cells)
Have huge communication w endothelial cells for metabolism & stuff
Remove debris etc
In capillaries they cont blood flow
111
What is the role of astrocytes in the BBB?
Surround many blood vessels
Have huge number of projections called **endfeet** - wrap around blood vessels & only allows select things to enter the brain
Stabilise BBB & cont water channels (**Aquaporins**) - allow water to enter brain
