Intro to Immunology

Question 1

10 physical barriers to Infections

Answer 1

1. Removal of particles
2. Skin
3. Stomach acidity
4. Normal flora-compete with pathogens in gut and stomach
5. Flushing of urinary tract
6. Lysozyme in tears
7. Mucus, cilia lining trachea
8. Mucus and phagocytes in lungs
9. Blood and lymph proteins
10. Rapid pH change

Question 2

Antibody that crosses epithelial tissue?

Answer 2

IgA can be secreted across epithelial tissue = Secretory IgA

IgG stays in blood stream and lymph tissues

Question 3

General Innate Immune System:

Answer 3

• Does not require previous exposure
• Phagocytosis
• Recognizes PAMPs with receptors called PRRs

Question 4

Major players of Innate IS:

Answer 4

DC, macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells

myeloid precursors

Question 5

Professional APCs?

Answer 5

DC, macrophages, B cells : break down foreign molecules and display it as MCH II molecules

Question 6

Interferons=

Answer 6

mediate an early response to VIRAL infections by innate system

Question 7

First to response?

First recruited?

Answer 7

–Resident macrophages

–Neutrophils (first responders)

Question 8

Complement System:
Goal=
Activiation=

Answer 8

Goal=control inflammation

Classical pathway: activated by antibodies or mannose binding lectin bound to the pathogen surface.
–>opsonization, chemotaxis, increased blood flow & permeability.

Question 9

Cytokines=

Answer 9

secreted molecules involved in cell-to- cell signaling.
They are proteins/glycoproteins
–soluble!

Question 10

Chemokines=

Answer 10

large family of cytokines taht can attract cells into inflamed tissues and play a role in leukocyte homing. “Direct traffic”

Question 11

Interferons: 
Type 1 (alpha and beta): 

Type 2 (gama):

Answer 11

Limit spread of VIRAL infections
Type 1 (alpha and beta): produced by VIRAL INFECTED cells 

Type 2 (gama): released by activated Th1 cells (adaptive IS)

Question 12

Interleukins

Answer 12

Produced by T cells

Cause neighboring cells to divide and differentiate

Question 13

Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)

Answer 13

direct division and differerntiation of bone marrow stem cells and precursors of blood leukocytes

Question 14

Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs)

Answer 14

Important in mediating inflammation and cytotoxic reactions

Question 15

Transforming Growth Factors (TGFs)

Answer 15

Important in regulating cell division and tissue repair.

Question 16

Adaptive IS:

Answer 16

• acquired ability
• Pathogen specific receptors
• Mediated by the binding of antigens to T cell receptors and Abs/Igs
• 10-14 days to kick in
• Has memory. 2nd response is faster and stronger `

Question 17

APCs

Answer 17

Link innate and adaptive immune systems.

• Essential for activation of T cells
• MHC II molecules

Question 18

Major players of adaptive IS:

Answer 18

T cells
B cells –> plasma cells

(lymphoid precursors)

Question 19

epitope:

Answer 19

Restricted part of the antigen where the antibody binds.

Question 20

Fc region

Answer 20

Constant region of antibody that can bind Fc receptor on phagocytes
-adapter between the phagocyte and the pathogen

Question 21

Active Immunity:

Answer 21

Natural active immunity by acquiring infection or immunization.

Creates memory cells–>long lasting

Question 22

Passive Immunity:

Answer 22

acquisition of preformed immune cells/abs via the transfer of cells/abs from an immune person. Newborns have maternal IgG antibodies.

NO memory response

Question 23

SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency )

Answer 23

No lymphoid precursor cells.
B & T cell immunodeficiencies
Recurrent infections with wide range of pathogens

Question 24

Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Molecules: 
All leukocyte groups=
T lymphocytes=
T helper cells=
Cytotoxic T cell=

Answer 24

All leukocyte groups= CD45+
T lymphocytes=CD45+, CD3+(T cell receptor)
T helper cells=CD45+, CD3+, CD4+ (MHC II binder)
Cytotoxic T cell=CD45+, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ (MHC I binder)

Question 25

Pluripotent SC –> Lymphoid Progenitor Signal?

Answer 25

IL-3

Adaptive Immunity cells

Question 26

Pluripotent SC –> Myeloid Progenitor Signal?

Answer 26

IL-3 & GMCSF (granulocyte/monocyte colony stimulation factor)

Innate Immunity cells

Question 27

6 categories of cytokines

Answer 27

Interferons 
Interleukins 
Colony stimulating factors
Chemokines
Tumor necrosis factors
Transforming growth factors