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Haematology and Immunology AM > Intro to Immunology > Flashcards

Intro to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are some immune physical barriers present in the body?

A 
Saliva
Mucocilliary escalator
Gastric acid
Normal flora
Physical flushing e.g. urination
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2
Q

What is the innate immune system?

A

Rapidly responding immune reaction with some specificity and no immunological memory

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3
Q

What cells are involved in the innate immune system?

A 
Mast cells
Natural killer cells
Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
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4
Q

What are the mechanisms of the innate immune system?

A 
Inflammation
Recruitment of immune cells
Activation of complement
Oponisation
Phagocytosis
NK toxicity
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5
Q

What responses cause inflammation?

A 
Vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability
Increased cell adhesion molecules
Chemotaxis
Increased sensitivity to pain
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6
Q

What causes vasodilation in inflammation?

A 
Nitric oxide
Bradykinin
Prostaglandins
TNF-alpha
IL-1
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7
Q

Wha causes increased vascular permeability in inflammation?

A

Nitric oxide
Histamine
Leukotrines

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8
Q

What caused increased cell adhesion in inflammation?

A

TNF-alpha

IL-1

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9
Q

What causes chemotaxis in inflammation?

A

CXCL-8

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10
Q

What causes increases sensitivity to pain in inflammation?

A

Bradykinin

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11
Q

What recruits immune cells in the innate immune system?

A

IL-8

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12
Q

What are the 3 pathways by which complement can be activated?

A

Classical
ALternative
Lectin

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13
Q

What signals cause chemotaxis of phagocytes to site of inflammation?

A

C3a

C5a

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14
Q

What signals cause ozonisation?

A

C3b

C4b

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15
Q

What signal causes lysis of organisms?

A

C5b-9 complex

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16
Q

What signals maintain solubility of Ag/Ab complexes?

A

C3b, C4b, C2

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17
Q

What are the main cells in the innate immune system involved in phagocytosis?

A

Macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells

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18
Q

What do NK cells cause?

A

Perforin induced apoptosis

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19
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

A

Specific immune system with delayed response but immunological memory

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20
Q

What are the 2 types of pathway in the adaptive immune system?

A

Humoral

Cell mediated

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21
Q

What cells are involved in the humeral immune system?

A

Antibodies, B lymphocytes

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22
Q

What are the actions of cytotoxic T cells CD8+?

A

Release IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha- direct anti-viral and anti tumour effects
Release cytotoxic granules–> perforin induced apoptosis
Apoptosis via FasL-Fas interactions

23
Q

What is the method of perforin induced apoptosis?

A

Perforin creates a pore in the cell membrane for granzyme to enter and trigger apoptosis

24
Q

What are the actions of T helper cells CD4+?

A 
Release cytokines
Promote B cell antibody class switching
25
What are the 3 types of T helper cell?
Th1 Th2 Th17
26
What are Th1 cells esp involved in?
Intracellular pathogen response
27
What are the actions of Th1 T cells?
Maximise macrophage and cytotoxic T cell activity Release IFN-gamma Inhibit Th2 response
28
What are Th2 and 17 cells esp involved in?
Extracellular pathogen response
29
What are the actions of Th2?
Release IL 4, 5, 13 Activate mast cells, basophils and eosinophils Class switching to IgE Inhibit Th1 response
30
What are the actions of Th17?
Pro-inflammatory | Recruit neutrophils and macrophages
31
What are the actions of regulatory T cells?
Suppress CD4+ and CD8+ Control response to self antigens Secrete TL-10 and TGF-beta- anti inflammatory, suppress immune system
32
What are the 2 regions of antibodies?
FAB region | FC region
33
What is the function of the FAB region of antibodies?
Binds to antigen
34
What is the function of the FC region of antibodies?
Communicates with immune cells
35
What are the types of immunoglobulin isotopes?
``` IgM IgG IgA IgE IgD ```
36
What is IgM?
Pantamer antibody formation | Best at activating complement
37
What is IgG?
Predominant antibody | Can cross placenta
38
What does IgE mainly attack?
Parasitic infections and in allergies
39
How are antigens recognised?
T lymphocytes- require presentation of antigens via MHC | B- recognise directly from B cell receptor
40
What are the functions of antibodies?
Immune complex formation Oponisation Activate complement cascade Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
41
What is antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity?
Antibodies bind to target cells and initiate non phagocytic cell mediated destruction
42
What are the 2 types of immune tolerance?
Central | Peripheral
43
What is central tolerance?
Destroys auto reactive or ineffective lymphocyte cells before maturity e.g. in thymus or bone marrow
44
What is peripheral tolerance?
Monitoring of lymphocytes in lymphoid organs and circulation
45
What cells are in charge of peripheral tolerance?
Regulatory T cells
46
Wh is a normal variation of immune function seen in?
Neonates Pregnant Elderly
47
What are the immune irregularities in the elderly?
Fewer naive T cells Reduced probability for T expansion Reduced B cell development and diversity More dependent on innate immunity
48
What environmental factors can cause a secondary immune deficiency?
Malnutrition Trauma Burns
49
Inadequate levels of what can cause immune deficiency?
Protein/calories Zinc Iron
50
Why can a zinc deficiency cause immune deficiency?
Essential for proliferating cells | Imapirs PMN, NK, monocyte and lymphocyte function
51
Why can an iron deficiency cause an immune deficiency?
Impairs innate immune system
52
What diseases can cause a secondary immune deficiency?
``` Infection e.g. HIV DM Renal failure Asplenia Malignancy- CLL, myeloma, lymohoma ```
53
How does HIV cause an immune deficiency?
Virus binds t CD4+ cells | Decreased activity of C cells, CK, CD8+ and macrophages
54
What drugs can cause a secondary immune deficiency?
Immunosuppression Anti-rheumatic Anti-epileptic

Haematology and Immunology AM (17 decks)

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