Intro to Immunology

Question 1

hematopoietic stem cells replicates and gives rise to

Answer 1

myeloid and lymphoid progenitors

Question 2

myeloid progenitors controlled by GCSF

Answer 2

become myeloblasts and then

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

in the bone marrow

Question 3

myeloid progenitors controlled by MCSF

Answer 3

become monoblasts which then become

monocytes and dendritic cells

in the bone marrow

Question 4

monocytes can move into various tissues from the bone marrow and

Answer 4

become monocytic derived dendritic cels and tissue macrophages

Question 5

Lymphoid progenitors in the bone marrow under control of IL7 differentation into

Answer 5

B cell precursor cells wich then mature into B cells

Question 6

lymphoid progenitor cells migrate from Bone Marrow into Thymus and become

Answer 6

T cell precurosors which then become T cells

Question 7

phagocytes include

Answer 7

neutrophils and macrophages

Question 8

phagocytes function to

Answer 8

injest and destroy microbes and ger rid of damaged tissues (scavanger function)

Question 9

responses of phagocytes

Answer 9

recruit cells to infection site

recognition and activation by microbes

ingestion of microbes

destruction of microbes

secrete cytokines to promote regulation and immune responses

Question 10

mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils play a key role in

Answer 10

innate immune responses

protect against helminths and cause allergic reactions

common feature is cytoplasmic granules with various inflammatory and microbial mediators

Question 11

mast cells

Answer 11

come from mast cell progenitors

do not circulate in blood as mature cells

migrate via the blood from bone marrow into tissues where they mature

part of the sentinel cell system along with DCs and macrophages

quickly repsond to environment antigens and allergens, pathogens and toxins

Question 12

eosinophils are polymorphonuclear granulocytes that

Answer 12

defend against parasites, participate in allergic reactions

small amount in blood

large granules and small granules

snall granules have histamine and major basic protein

basic proteins involved in anti-parasitc defense

Question 13

basophils

Answer 13

circulate in blood, very small amaont

defense against parasites

play a role in allergic reactions

Question 14

dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells are

Answer 14

professinoal antigen presenting cells

Question 15

langerhans cells are a type of DC that is a

Answer 15

potent APC in the epidermis

Question 16

DC are part of the

Answer 16

innate immunity subtyped as monocyte derived (similar to macrophages) and plasmacytoid derived/IFN producing

Question 17

Innate immunity is comprised of

Answer 17

mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, phagocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 18

adaptive immunity is comprised of

Answer 18

B cells, T cells, NK cells

Question 19

NK cells

Answer 19

granular lymphocytes that purge body of infected and precancerous cells

rise from bone marrow precursors, separate from B and T cell precursors

receptors have no antigen specificity

no memory made

Question 20

NK cells recognize and destroy

Answer 20

target cells without stimulation or immunization

Question 21

NK cells recognize antigens expressed

Answer 21

normally on host cells

if an antigen is not expressed on a host cell, the absence of the antigen activates the NK cell

Question 22

NK cells have broad specificity for antigens thus making it function

Answer 22

like a cell of the innate immunity, but it is adaptive

Question 23

cell mediated immunity

Answer 23

controlled by T cells which function in conjunction with APC and phagocytes

defense against intracellular bicromes (viruses and bacteria_

kill the host

helper T cells help make B cells to make high affinity Abs helping to eradicated extracellular microbes as well

Question 24

Humoral Immunity

Answer 24

controlled by B cells who secrete Abs to prevent infections extracellular microbes

Question 25

cytotoxic T cells work in

Answer 25

the cell mediated immunity and directly destory infected cells T helper cells activate macroohages to kill phagocytised microbes

Question 26

clonal selection

Answer 26

there are many distinct lymphocytes specific for different antigens when antigen is introduced, lymphocytes with receptors for this antigen seek out and bind the antigen after binding the antigen, they are triggered to proliferate and differentiated making clones of the cells specific for new antigen the clones react with the ag to neutralize/eliminate it some ag speciigc cells late in the response make memory in adaptive immunity

Question 27

Fixed elements are the lymphoid organs

Answer 27

Primary: bone marrow and thymus Secondary: spleen and lymph nodes, mucosal immune tissue

Question 28

Mobile Immune Elements

Answer 28

``` Immune cells Humoral components (Ab, complement, acute phase proteins) ```

Question 29

Monocytes are free in blood and become ______ in tissue

Answer 29

Macrophage (histiocyte)

Question 30

Cluster of Differentation (CD) are

Answer 30

Selectively expressed on each type of leukocytes Developed using antibodies recognizing specific antigens

Question 31

T Cell CD

Answer 31

CD3 CD4 CD8

Question 32

B cell

Answer 32

CD19 | CD20

Question 33

NK Cell

Answer 33

CD56

Question 34

Macrophage/monocytes

Answer 34

CD14

Question 35

Direct and indirect fluorescent microscopy

Answer 35

Done with anti-CD abs for ID-int leukocytes

Question 36

Neutrophils are polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Answer 36

Segmented into 3-5 lobules Most abundant in blood Mediate the earliest phase in inflammatory reactions

Question 37

Neutrophils are professional phagocytes

Answer 37

Released quickly and a lot of them ``` Cytoplasmic granules contain Peroxidase Lysozyme, degradation enzymes Defending ``` Inflammatory mediators that release cytokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes Live for hours to days and work for 1-2 days

Question 38

Killing Mechanisms of neutrophils/phagocytes

Answer 38

Intra and extra cellular Phagocytosis and ROS or antibacterial proteins Can uses neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to immobilize pathogens and facilitate phagocytosis

Question 39

Monocytes are the main type of

Answer 39

Mononuclear phagocytes IN THE BLOOD While macrophages are in the tissues Mature ones are released into the blood, live for a few days and then die, can survive longer during inflammation

Question 40

Dendritic cells share similar characteristics to

Answer 40

Macrophages and are the most efficient APC

Question 41

Resident Macrophages

Answer 41

Migrate to their areas during embryonic development from hematopoietic progenitors emerging from the yolk sac Do tissue specific jobs Specialized phenotype Ex: osteoclasts, microglial cell, etc.

Question 42

Monocytes derived inflammatory tissue

Answer 42

Monocytes migrate into tissues where a pathogen is Differentiate into macrophages during inflammation Invovled in inflammatory reactions, tissue remodeling

Question 43

NK cells recognize and destroy variety of

Answer 43

Target cells without any prior stimulation or immunization Recognize antigens self and non self NK cells function like a cell of innate immunity (REPEAT)

Question 44

Interactions between

Answer 44

T cells and B cells as well as T cells and APC are critical to development of adaptive immunity

Question 45

Development and maturation of T cells occurs in the

Answer 45

Thymus Mature T cells is Ag stimulated, gives rise to CMI

Question 46

B cells mature in the

Answer 46

Bone marrow B cells activated, lead to humoral immunity and Ab (immunoglobulin)

Question 47

CMI is controlled in response to

Answer 47

T cells as well as Ag presenting cells, phagocytes

Question 48

CMI mediates host defense against

Answer 48

Intracellular microbes such as viruses and some bacteria

Question 49

CMI function is killing of infected

Answer 49

Host cells that eliminates the reservoirs of infection

Question 50

Some T cells help B cells make

Answer 50

High affinity Ab thereby contributing to the eradication of extracelllular microbes

Question 51

Humoral immunity B cells secrete ab that

Answer 51

Prevent infections and eliminate extracellular microbes

Question 52

In CMI, T helper cells activate

Answer 52

Macrophage to kill phagocytized T cells to directly destroy infected cells