Intro to Immunology - Innate Immunity

Question 1

____ - the body system responsible for immunity

Answer 1

immune system

Question 2

What are the 3 cell types of the immune system?

Answer 2

1. Leukocytes
2. Mast cells
3. Dendritic cells

Question 3

____ - the ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses; includes the ability to distinguish “self” from “not self”

Answer 3

immunity

Question 4

The immune system consists of a diverse group of ____, ____, and ____ that are widely distributed through the body

Answer 4

cells; tissues; organs

Question 5

Blood makes up ___% of total body weight

Answer 5

8%

Question 6

Plasma makes up ____% of whole blood while ____% are the formed elements.

Answer 6

55%; 45%

Question 7

What is the primary element of the formed elements of blood?

Answer 7

erythrocytes (>99% of the formed elements)

Question 8

What is the primary element of plasma?

Answer 8

water (91% of plasma)

Question 9

What proteins compose plasma and what are their concentrations?

Answer 9

1. Albumins (57%)
2. Globulins (38%)
3. Fibrinogen (4%)
4. Prothrombin (1%)

Question 10

What are globulins responsible for in blood plasma?

Answer 10

antibodies

Question 11

What are the 5 types of leukocytes?

Answer 11

1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
4. Monocytes
5. Lymphocytes

Question 12

Which leukocyte is first to arrive to a scene of infection/tissue destruction by bacteria?

Answer 12

neutrophils

Question 13

Which leukocytes are granulated?

Answer 13

1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils

Question 14

Which leukocytes are mainly utilized for phagocytosis?

Answer 14

1. Neutrophils
2. Monocytes - enlarge at site of infection to become macrophages which phagocytize

Question 15

A high amount of which leukocyte often indicates a bacterial infection?

Answer 15

neutrophil

Question 16

Leukocyte which destroys parasites, such as worms, that enter body tissues

Answer 16

eosinophil

Question 17

What are 2 additional functions of eosinophils?

Answer 17

1. also contribute to allergic reactions
2. can function as phagocytes

Question 18

Which leukocyte releases a variety of chemicals which promote inflammation and are involved in allergic reactions?

Answer 18

Basophils

Question 19

Basophils release a variety of chemicals such as ___, ___, and ___

Answer 19

histamine; leukotrienes; prostaglandins

Question 20

Where do monocytes become macrophages?

Answer 20

when they are out of the bloodstream

Question 21

Leukocyte that travels to site of infection and then enlarge and differentiate into phagocytes called macrophages

Answer 21

monocytes

Question 22

_____ are phagocytes which develop from the enlargement of monocytes

Answer 22

macrophages

Question 23

What are the 2 types of macrophages which arise from monocytes and their differences?

Answer 23

1. wandering macrophages - migrate from one tissue to another
2. fixed macrophages - stand guard in specific tissues

Question 24

Fixed macrophages:
___ in brain
___ in liver
___ in lungs
___ in connective tissue

Answer 24

1. microglia
2. Kupffer cells
3. alveolar macrophages
4. histiocytes

Question 25

What are the 3 main types of lymphocytes?

Answer 25

1. B cells 2. T cells 3. Natural killer (NK) cells

Question 26

Only ___% of total lymphocyte population is circulating in the blood at any given time; the rest are in ___ and ___ organs and tissues.

Answer 26

2% lymph lymphoid

Question 27

What is the function of B cells?

Answer 27

differentiate into specialized cells that produce antibodies

Question 28

What are the different types of T cells and their functions?

Answer 28

1. Helper T cells - stimulate the proliferation of B cells and T cells 2. Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells destroy infected body cells and cancer cells

Question 29

cell of the immune system which is widely dispersed in the connective tissue of the skin and linings of the respiratory and GI tract; releases histamine and other substances that are involved in inflammation and allergic reactions

Answer 29

Mast cells

Question 30

cell of the immune system located in the skin and in other organs of the body which serve as antigen-presenting cells

Answer 30

Dendritic cells

Question 31

____ = foreign substances

Answer 31

antigens

Question 32

What does it mean for a cell to be "antigen-presenting"? What cell does this refer to?

Answer 32

cell processes antigens (foreign substances) and then present the processed antigens to lymphocytes to promote an immune response

Question 33

Lymph fluid contains protective ____, but does not contain ____.

Answer 33

WBCs; erythrocytes

Question 34

Cells of the immune system can travel between the distinct ____ and ____ circulatory systems which are separated by _____

Answer 34

lymphatic blood interstitial space

Question 35

What is the process called in which cells of the immune system travel between lymphatic and blood circulatory system that is separated by interstitial space?

Answer 35

extravasation

Question 36

Lymphoid organs and tissues are structures in which ____ develop, reside, or carry out immune response.

Answer 36

lymphocytes

Question 37

What are the primary lymphoid organs/tissues? What do they produce?

Answer 37

1. Bone marrow - mature B cells and pre-T cells 2. thymus - pre-T cells migrate from bone marrow to the thymus where they become mature T cells