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HDM > Intro to Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Intro to Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of inflammation

A

Calor, rubor, tumor, dolor, functio laesa

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2
Q

Innate immunity (general)

A
  • natural responses
  • occur to same extent every time pathogen is encountered
  • first line of defense
  • works rapidly
  • acute inflammation
  • no memory
  • some specificity for Ag
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3
Q

Adaptive immunity (general)

A
  • adaptive responses
  • improve on repeated exposure to given antigen
  • takes longer to develop
  • highly specific
  • shows memory
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4
Q

Infection

A
  • invasion of host tissues/cells by pathogens
  • causes activation of host defense mechanisms (inflammation and immune reaction)
  • results: pathogenesis of disease
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5
Q

Innate anatomic and physical barriers

A
  • skin and mucous membranes
  • temperature
  • acidic pH
  • lactic acid
  • chemical mediators

Function: limit entry, spread, and replication of pathogens

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6
Q

Innate immune cells

A

Granulocytes: phagocytosis and release of mediators

Macrophages (mononuclear) : phagocytosis, release of mediators, and Ag presentation

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7
Q

Innate inflammatory mediators

A
  • complement: lysis of pathogens
  • cytokines: activation of immune cells
  • lysozyme: bacterial wall destruction
  • acute-phase proteins: mediation of response (fever!)
  • leukotrienes/prostaglandins: vasodilation and vascular permeability
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8
Q

PAMP: Mannose

A

PRR: Mannose receptor (MBL)

cell surface

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9
Q

PAMP: Gram + bacteria (LTA)

A

PRR: TLR 1,2,6

cell surface

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10
Q

PAMP: Gram - bacteria (LPS)

A

PRR: TLR 4

cell surface

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11
Q

PAMP: Flagellin

A

PRR: TLR 5

cell surface

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12
Q

PAMP: CpG DNA

A

PRR: TLR 9

endosome

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13
Q

PAMP: RNA

A

PRR: TLR 3, 7, 8

endosome

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14
Q

Cytokine: Tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)

A

Source: macrophages, T cells

Targets:

  • Endothelial cells: activation (inflammation, coagulation)
  • Neutrophils: activation
  • Hypothalamus: fever
  • Liver: synthesis of acute phase proteins
  • Muscle, fat: catabolism
  • Many cell types: apoptosis
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15
Q

Cytokine: IL-1

A

Source: macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells

Targets:

  • Endothelial cells: activation (inflammation, coagulation)
  • Hypothalamus: fever
  • Liver: synthesis of acute phase proteins
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16
Q

Cytokine: Chemokines

A

Source: macrophages, endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, fibroblasts, platelets

Target: leukocytes (chemotaxis and activation)

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17
Q

Cytokine: IL-12

A

Source: macrophages, dendritic cells

Targets:

  • NK cells and T cells: IFN-gamma synthesis, increased cytolytic activity
  • T cells: TH1 differentiation
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18
Q

Cytokine: Interferon- gamma

A

Source: NK cells, T lymphocytes
* NOT MACROPHAGES*

Target: activation of macrophages and stimulation of some Ab response

19
Q

Cytokine: Type 1 IFNs (alpha and beta)

A

Source:

  • alpha: macrophages
  • beta: fibroblasts

Targets:

  • All cells: antiviral state, increased MHC I expression
  • NK cells: activation
20
Q

Cytokine: IL-10

A

Source: Macrophages, T cells (mainly TH2)

Target: Macrophages - inhibition of IL-12, reduced stimulation of costimulators and MHC II molecules

21
Q

Cytokine: IL-6

A

Source: macrophages, endothelial cells, T cells

Target:

  • liver: synthesis of acute phase proteins
  • B cells: proliferation of Ab-producing cells
22
Q

Cytokine: IL-15

A

Source: macrophages

Targets:

  • NK cells: proliferation
  • T cells: proliferation
23
Q

Cytokine: IL-18

A

Source: Macrophages

Targets:
-NK cells and T cells: IFN-gamma synthesus

24
Q

PAMPs associated with Gram negative bacteria

A

Lipopolysaccharide
Porin
Lipoprotein

25
PAMPs associated with Gram positive bacteria
Teichoic acid Lipoteichoic acid Peptidoglycan
26
PAMPs associated with Fungi
Mannoproteins
27
PAMPs associated with mycobacteria
Lipoarabinomannan
28
Immunity timeline Phase 1
- 0-4 hours - Non-induced innate/non-specific response - Preformed defenses (skin barrier, pH, saliva proteases)
29
Immunity timeline Phase 2
- 4-96 hours - Induced innate/broadly specific response - Phagocytosis, complement activation, cytokine secretion
30
Immunity timeline Phase 3
- >96 hours - Induced adaptive/highly-specific response - B cells (Ab), helper T cells, cytolytic T cells
31
Polymorphonuclear innate immune cells
1) Neutrophils: phagocytosis and digestion of microbes 2) Eosinophils: Allergic rxns, defense against helminths 3) Basophils: allergic rxns 4) Mast cells: allergic rxns
32
Mononuclear innate immune cells
1) Monocytes: Circulating macrophage precursor | 2) Macrophages: Phagocytosis and digestion of microbes, antigen presentation
33
Recognition of nonself by innate immune cells
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on innate immune cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on pathogens
34
General properties of PRRs
Specificity: structures shared by classes of microbes (PAMPs) Receptors: encoded in germline, limited diversity (same from person to person, nonspecific)
35
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
- Subcategory of PRRs - Bind to PAMPs on pathogens to elicit inflammatory response - some present on cell surface, some located in endosomes (respond only to nucleic acids) - Limited diversity: multiple TLRs can elicit same response when bound to PAMPs from same pathogen
36
Cytokines (definition)
- Small proteins secreted by many cell types - mediate inflammation, immunity, and hematopoiesis - endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine functions - two classes: pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory
37
Chemokines (definition)
Small protein chemoattractants important for trafficking of immune cells
38
Complement (definition)
Set of serum proteins which normally exist as soluble inactive precursors Activation --> precursors cleaved into two or more fragments
39
Large complement fragments
Enzymatic properties --> result in formation of Membrane Attack Complexes (MACs)
40
Small complement fragments
Serve as: - opsonins: tag microbes for phagocyte uptake - chemotactic factors: attract immune cells - anaphylatoxins: degradation of mast cell
41
Small complement fragments
Serve as: - opsonins: tag microbes for phagocyte uptake - chemotactic factors: attract immune cells - anaphylatoxins: degradation of mast cells/basophils, release of vasoactive substances
42
Pathways of complement activation
1) classic: activated by Ag-Ab complexes 2) Alternative: activated by microbial cell walls 3) Lectin: activated by the interaction of microbial carbohydrates with mannose-binding protein in the plasma
43
Complement system activation phases
1) Activation of C3 component | 2) Activation of C5 component and formation of MAC

HDM (6 decks)

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