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Intro to Language Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What are four characteristic of language

A

System of symbols
Shared
Conventional
Tool for human communication

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2
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest unit of language that carries meaning

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3
Q

Code

A

Translation of one type of information into another

ex: “happy” feeling->language

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4
Q

Referent

A

The aspect of the world to which the word refers

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5
Q

Is the relationship between a word and it’s referent arbitrary?

A

Yes- but code for words in sentences is not

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6
Q

Language community

A

Group using a common language.

First emerged in community of around 100 as a grooming bx to share social information- all language emerged from this

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7
Q

Why do language communities form?

A

Geographical (Ukraine)
Sociological (Hebrew)
Economical (WTO)

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8
Q

Language is conventional means…

A

It is specific, systematic, and rule governed to make it non random. Rules phrase, sentence, word structure

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9
Q

Communication

A

Process of sharing information among two or more persons (thoughts, feelings, ideas)

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10
Q

Can humans reason without language?

A

No. Language is 1st for cognition, 2nd for communication.

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11
Q

Modularity

A

Cognitive science theory about how the human mind is organized within structures of the brain. Asks whether brain is a generalized module where all parts work together to process information.

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12
Q

Module

A

Region of brain that responds to information of a specific type- are domain specific to process restricted information (ie depth perception in the visual system)

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13
Q

What are some examples of domain specific areas of brain?

A

Frontal lobe- grammar

SLI- verb tense impaired only- must be one part of brain

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14
Q

Are language, speech and communication synonymous?

A

No, language can be kept to self, or written. Speech can be said to no one.

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15
Q

Speech

4 Systems

A

Neuromuscular voluntary bx that allows humans to express language and is necessary for communication
Involves respiration, phonation, resonation, and articulation

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16
Q

Respiration

A

Breathe in and out of lungs to travel up trachea or windpipe

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17
Q

Phonation

A

Air moves through vocal chords- set into vibration to create voice

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18
Q

Resonation

A

Proceeds to oral/nasal cavities

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19
Q

Articulation

A

Air is manipulated by tongue, teeth, and jaw to form speech.

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20
Q

Why do we use speech?

A

Can communicate in dark, far distances, with hands occupied. It is a medium to share language.

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21
Q

Phoneme

A

Smallest unit of sound that signals a difference in meaning

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22
Q

Does language depend on speech?

A

No.

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23
Q

What is locked in syndrome?

A

Intact cognition with no voluntary movement- lang without speech

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24
Q

Hearing

A

Sensory system that allows speech to enter into and be processed by the human brain. AKA audition

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25
Acoustics | 4 events
``` The study of sound Creation of sound source- sets off vibrations Vibration of air particles Reception by the ear Comprehension by the brain ```
26
Pitch or freq.
How fast air particles move back and forth
27
Intensity
How far apart particles move when they move back and forth
28
Reception by Ear
Outer ear captures sound Middle ear forwards info Inner ear w/ cochlea Travels up auditory nerve to auditory regions of brain
29
Speech Perception
How the brain processes language- not auditory perception ie clap or fan
30
How do infants learn to process speech?
Born with processing mechanisms that calibrate to reflect their language. Aided by auditory overshadowing
31
Auditory overshadowing
Bias toward audio over visual
32
Coarticulation
Overlap of phonemes in production of strings of sounds- ie coffee is k-a-f-e one word
33
Communication's 4 Processes
Formulation Transmission Reception Comprehension
34
Formulation
Process of pulling together thoughts or ideas for sharing with another
35
Transmission
Process of conveying ideas to another person
36
Reception
Process of receiving information from another
37
Comprehension
Process of making sense of a message
38
Symbolic communication/Referent communication
Arbitrary relationship between entity and it's referent | ex: bottle means I want a drink
39
Preintentional Communication
Relationship between communicative bx and it's referent is assumed by others ex- crying= bottle
40
Intentional Communication/Iconic
Transparent/ not arbitrary relationship between message and it's referent ex- pointing to bottle
41
What are the three basic purposes of communication?
Request Reject Comment All can be done without language
42
What are language's essential components?
Sender Receiver Symbolic system
43
Feedback
Info provided by receiver to sender
44
Linguistic feedback
Spoken feedback
45
Extralinguistic feedback
Expression, posture, proximity, etc.
46
Paralinguistic Feedback
Pitch, loudness, pausing
47
What prevents communication breakdowns?
Feedback
48
What are the major domains of language?
Content Form Use
49
Content
Words we use and the meaning behind them
50
Lexicon
Vocabulary system
51
Contextualized language
Language that focuses on immediate context | ex: during a race "I won"
52
Decontextualized Language
Little reliance on context for relaying content | ex- phone call
53
Form
Sentence structure, phrase and clause usage, noun structures, word prefixes and suffixes and organization into words
54
Use
Draw upon language for needs- the intention behind utterance and how well it is achieved.
55
Analysis of use requires...
Understanding of context where language is occuring
56
Phonology
Governs sounds we use to make syllables and words. Form.
57
How many phonemes in English language
39- 15 vowels, 24 consonants
58
Allophones
Subtle variations of phonemes that occur due to contextual influences on how we produce phonemes in different words
59
Phonatics
Rules governing how sounds are organized in words for each language
60
Morphology
Govern internal organization of words- adds precision to language and expands vocabulary exponentially. Form
61
Syntax
Governs internal organization of sentences (Structure of utterances) Form
62
Semantics
Govern meaning of individual words/word combinations- considers meaning of words and phrases ex- gay has two meanings Content
63
Pragmatics
Governs how language is used for social purposes- Language used for different functions and intentions ex- don't stand too close, take turns in conversation
64
Remarkable Features of Language
``` Rate of Acquisition Universality Species-Specificity Semanticity Productivity ```
65
Rate of Acquisition
1st 5-7 yrs are critical period for language- it is the window of opportunity for language to be learned rapidly and with greatest ease. Similar to songbird acquiring songs
66
Universality
All persons apply same cognitive infrastructure to task of learning language- how it is learned and milestone times invariant across world
67
Species Specificity
Human capacity/ No other animals have language | Non human communication is iconic, no combination of symbols
68
Semanticity
Decontextualized events No boundaries of time or space Arbitrary relationship between referent and language that describes it ex- clock is known without picture
69
Productivity
Combination of small number of discrete units into infinite creations Can produce endless ideas and constructions Inherent to language in earliest acquisition
70
What are language differences and disorders?
Invariant path of language development
71
What are differences in language development caused by?
Gender, temperament, language learning environment, genetic predisposition, dialect, bilingualism
72
What are Disorders caused by?
Genetic predispositions, developmental disability, injury and illness
73
Milestones
Communication with words at 12 months 2 words 18 months Adult like grammar by puberty
74
Influences: Dialect
Natural variation of language that evolves within cultural or geographic boundaries
75
Influences- Bilingualism
2 or more languages | Code switching- interchanges between syntax and vocabulary of languages being learned
76
Simultaneous vs Sequential Bilingualism
Simultaneous: @ same time Sequential: add @ later time
77
Influences- Gender
Girls have advantage over boys: Talk earlier Develop vocab faster in second year Boys have a greater chance of language impairment Difference due to biology & environment- twin studies
78
Influences- Environment
Exerts influence on development. Neural architecture calibrated based on environmental input- form, content, and use exposed to.
79
Caregiver Responsiveness
Promptness, contingency, appropriateness of response to words or other means. Quality=Quantity
80
What are some traits of disorders?
Difficulties developing language Milestones achieved slower Longstanding difficulties with form/content/use
81
Specific Language Impairment
Depressed abilities without other impairment 7-10 percent of children affected Most common for children Most frequent cause for early intervention & special ed Heritable
82
Developmental Disability
``` LI occurs with disability often Is a 2ndary disorder: 2nd to primary cause Intellectual disability ASD/Autism/Asp/PDD Childhood Disintegrative Disorder ```
83
Brain Injury
In utero Perinatally TBI- physical trauma, blunt to head, abuse, accident, falling, poison, car accident
84
Diffuse brain injury
Affecting large areas of brain
85
Focal
Affecting one specific brain region
86
Language
System of conventional spoken or written symbols used by people in a shared culture to communicate with one another

Language Development (3 decks)

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