Intro to Learning (6)

Question 1

What are the 2 main schedules of reinforcement?

Answer 1

Ratio

Interval

Question 2

What is a ‘ratio’ schedule of reinforcement?

Answer 2

behavior is rewarded after a certain number of responses

Question 3

What is an ‘interval’ schedule of reinforcement?

Answer 3

Behavior is rewarded after a certain time period has passed

Question 4

What are 2 sub types of ratio reinforcement schedule?

Answer 4

fixed ratio

variable ratio

Question 5

What is a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

Answer 5

fixed number of responses for one reward

Question 6

What is a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

Answer 6

varied number of responses per reward

Question 7

What are 2 sub types of interval reinforcement schedule?

Answer 7

fixed interval

variable interval

Question 8

What is a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

Answer 8

fixed amount of time passes for one reward

Question 9

What is a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

Answer 9

varied amounts of time pass for one reward

Question 10

3 other schedules of reinforcement?

Answer 10

Duration
Response Rate
Noncontingent

Question 11

What is a duration schedule of reinforcement?

Answer 11

reward given based on how long the desired behavior is performed for

Question 12

Problems with duration schedules of reinforcement?

Answer 12

if the reward is not proportionate to the behavior performed, the behavior desired will stop

Question 13

What is a response rate schedule of reinforcement?

Answer 13

Reward based on rate of response.

Question 14

What is a non-contingent schedule of reinforcement?

Answer 14

reward given randomly irrespective of organisms behavior.

Question 15

How does non-contingent schedule of reinforcement work?

Answer 15

response acquired due to accidental contiguity with reinforcer.

Question 16

What are 4 factors that affect operant conditioning?

Answer 16

Practice
Effect
Contiguity
Motivation

Question 17

How does ‘Practice’ affect operant conditioning?

Answer 17

opportunity to rehearse and modify response on basis of feedback

Question 18

How does ‘Effect’ affect operant conditioning?

Answer 18

whether outcome of response is +ve or -ve.

Question 19

How does ‘Contiguity’ affect operant conditioning?

Answer 19

closeness in time of stimuli and response

Question 20

How does ‘Motivation’ affect operant conditioning?

Answer 20

as level of arousal increases, learning becomes more effective

Question 21

What is the Drive Reduction theory by Hull (1943)?

Answer 21

Events are reinforcing, given that it is associated with a reduction in a physiological drive

Question 22

What is incentive motivation?

Answer 22

bigger/better the reward the more likely you are to perform the behavior

Question 23

What is a weakness in the drive reduction theory?

Answer 23

Can’t account for behavior done for pure pleasure

Question 24

What is the Premack Principle?

Answer 24

less desirable activities are performed to gain access to more desirable ones.

Question 25

What is the Behavioral Bliss Point (Allison, 1983)?

Answer 25

organisms will distribute its behavior to the optimal level across activities to maximize reinforcement.

Question 26

What happens if an organism can't achieve it's behavioral bliss point?

Answer 26

organism will readjust in order to attain close as possible to the bliss point

Question 27

What is the response deprivation hypothesis (Timberlake and Allison, 1974)?

Answer 27

a behavior acts as a reinforcer if: access to it is restricted if it hasn't been performed for a long time

Question 28

What is extinction?

Answer 28

non-reinforcement of previously reinforced response

Question 29

How does extinction occur?

Answer 29

if a stimulus is presented with no reward for response, behavior weakens.

Question 30

5 stages of extinction?

Answer 30

1. Extinction Burst 2. Variability 3. Emotional Behavior Aggression 4. Resurgence 5. Depression

Question 31

What is the 1st stage of extinction?

Answer 31

Extinction Burst: response that was rewarded increases rapidly

Question 32

What is the 2nd stage of extinction?

Answer 32

Variability: same behavior performed with variations

Question 33

What is the 3rd stage of extinction?

Answer 33

Emotional Behavior Aggression: outburst of aggressive/anxious behavior to get a reward.

Question 34

What is the 4th stage of extinction?

Answer 34

Resurgence: Previous behavior returns

Question 35

What is the 5th stage of extinction?

Answer 35

Depression: behavior stops completely

Question 36

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 36

reappearance of extinguished response following a period after extinction has occurred.

Question 37

What is relearning?

Answer 37

Reintroduction of the previous CS and the US results in a rapid association forming between the 2, get CR again.

Question 38

What factors affect extinction?

Answer 38

Schedule of reinforcement History Magnitude Deprivation

Question 39

How can schedule of reinforcement affect extinction?

Answer 39

``` continuous - very fast ext fixed ratio - med ext fixed interval - med ext variable ratio - slow ext variable interval - very slow ext ```

Question 40

How does history of stimulus exposure affect extinction?

Answer 40

whether it has been fully conditioned or not

Question 41

How does magnitude affect extinction?

Answer 41

level of reward can change time taken for extinction to occur.

Question 42

How does deprivation affect extinction?

Answer 42

The stronger the desire to attain the reward, the longer the organism will try before extinction occurs.

Question 43

What is 'differential reinforcement of other behaviour'?

Answer 43

Reinforce other adaptive behaviours while ignoring maladaptive behaviours.

Question 44

What is 'differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviour'?

Answer 44

Reinforce a behaviour that is the polar opposite to the undesired behaviour