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Micro > Intro to Micro > Flashcards

Intro to Micro Flashcards

(123 cards)

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1
Q

Is Virus alive?

A

NO! Viruses do NOT have a kingdom.

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2
Q

Why do people call LIVE VIRUSES?

A

Because they are active

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3
Q

Differential staining?

A

Differential staining used to distinguish different types of bacteria

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4
Q

Most common stain for bacteria is?

A

Gram Stain… Gram positive or Gram negative

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5
Q

What does Gram stain show?

A

Reflects fundamental diff in CELL WALL structure

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6
Q

What is Acid-fast staining used to detect?

A

Mycobacterium….waxy cell wall

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7
Q

Mycobacterium has

A

causative agents of TB & Hansen’s disease (leprosy), Fish mongos disease
- cell wall contains high concentrations of mycolic acid
-waxy fatty acid(WAXY CELL WALL) that prevents uptake of dyes
–harsher methods needed
- identify agents in clinical specimens
anything with mycobacterium is acid fast!

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8
Q

Some bacteria have Capsule stain

A

GEL LIKE LAYER

  • NEGATIVE STAIN USED since stains poorly
  • India ink added to wet mount is common method
  • capsules are pathogenic!
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9
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia is the

A

1 cause of meningitis in elderly, so need pneumonia shot for*

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10
Q

Noncapsulated is

A

nonpathogenic

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11
Q

How do you kill Streptococcus pneumonia?

A

[If its encapsulated and phagocytes cant kill it, they cant eat it!
- ANTIBODIES TO THE RESCUE, called OPSONINS which attach to the capsule and hold it in place so the phagocyte can eat it.

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12
Q

An immune response is

A

phagocytosis

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13
Q

What bacteria members need Endospore stain ?

A

SPORES CAN LAST FOREVER…. Bacillus & Clostridium resistant dormant endospore.

  • resist gram stain appear clear
  • use heat to uptake malachite green by endospore
  • counterstain safranin to visualize other cells
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14
Q

What kind of endospore bacteria are there?

A

clostridial spore, food poisoning, tetanus

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15
Q

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria cells) anatomy has cell wall

A

not every bacteria has a cell wall. CELL WALL strong rigid structure that prevent cell lysis
- made from peptidoglycan
Alternating series of subunits form glycan chains
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & some techoic acid
-Tetrapeptide chain (string of four amino acids) links glycan chains

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16
Q

cell membrane

A

Also called Mesosome adding more surface area as its invaginated.

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17
Q

flagella

A

movement, mobility, propellers, help with characterization.. not every bacteria has it.

  • Diff types of flagella
  • Atrichous (no flagella)
  • Monotrichous/polar flagellum ( one)
  • lophotrichous (many on one end)
  • Amphitrichous ( one on each end…two)
  • Peritrichous (many flagella all over)
  • FILAMENT, HOOK, BASAL BODY
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18
Q

nucleoid

A

DNA.. the chromosomal region of a bacterium

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19
Q

You can tell a bacteria cell wall is Gram neg (thinner) by?

A

If no Technoic acid its Gram Neg stain outer layer is lipopolysaccharide , with the acid & lipoteichoic acid its Gram + much more thicker peptidoglycan layer

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20
Q

Bacteria with pili very dangerous because…

A

Like E Coli.. attaches to your cells & sex-duction (conjugation)
-common type called fimbriae allow cells to adhere to surface. Shorter than flagella. Twitching mobility, gliding motility. Sex pili involved with DNA … transferring nucleic acid!

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21
Q

Slime layer and capsule are kinda the same thing..

A

Capsule- distinct & gelatinous, allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces avoid defense systems and cause disease.
Slime layer- diffuse and irregular, allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces

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22
Q

Plasmid is

A

CIRCULAR, SUPERCOILED, dsDNA, carrying genetic info that carry extra chromosomal DNA.
- can divide by itself, transferred from one cell to another
R Plasmids-> code for resistance
Toxins-> made by plasmids in cell

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23
Q

Ribosomes

A

involved in protein synthesis, and cellular component of RNA

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24
Q

The gram - Neg cell wall

A

Outer membrane
Bilayer made from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Important medically: signals immune system of invasion by Gram-negative bacteria
Small levels elicit appropriate response to eliminate
Large amounts accumulating in bloodstream can yield deadly response
LPS is called ENDOTOXIN
Includes Lipid A (immune system recognizes) and O antigen (can be used to identify species or strains)

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25
Periplasmic space
is between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram - cell wall
26
Mycoplasma
are the smallest of the bacteria, have NO CELL WALL! - playomorphic can have any shape - cytoplasmic membrane contains sterols to increase strength!
27
Why cant you give penicillin to this bacteria?
Penicillin works on cell wall, mycoplasma doesn't have one | Instead need erythromyocin to work on ribosomes
28
Cytoskeleton
internal protein framework -Once thought missing in bacteria -Bacterial proteins similar to eukaryotic cytoskeleton have been characterized Likely involved in cell division and controlling cell shape
29
Storage granules
``` accumulations of polymers - Synthesized from nutrients available in excess Carbon, energy storage: - Glycogen - Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate ```
30
Gas vesicles
controlled to provide buoyancy
31
Metachromatic granules
Many colors! - Bacteria is corynebacterium diphtheria* "volutin" large inclusions - used for ATP synthesis - has 3rd deadliest toxin known to man - bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa all have em
32
What are the 1st 2 toxins that are deadly?
1. botulism toxin- diluted to paralyze your muscle | 2. tetanus
33
Cocci
Spherical
34
Baccillus
Rod
35
Spirillum
Spiral
36
Strepto
Chains
37
Staphylo
cluster
38
Coccus
round
39
Spirochetes
long spiral
40
Vibrios
Comma
41
Diplococci
2
42
Streptococci
chains
43
staphylococci
clusters
44
how do bacteria divide?
binary fission- split in half
45
Lag phase
-Number of cells does not increase -Begin synthesizing enzymes required for growth -Delay depends on conditions No growth, stable population in preparation for division
46
Log (exponential) phase
Divide at constant rate, sensitive to antibiotics, productions of primary metabolites, secondary metabolites production occurs as nutrients are depleted and wastes accumulate - GR>DR
47
Stationary phase
Growth rate = death rate - nutrients too low to sustain growth, total # remain constant - some die, release contents; others grow
48
Death phase
DR>GR - total # of viable cells decrease - exponential, slower than cell growth
49
Phase of prolonged decline
DR>GR | - some fraction may survive, adapted to tolerate worse conditions
50
How fast does E coli spread starting out with one?
20 mins
51
Psychrophile
loves/lives in cold temp 0-20 degrees Celcius | -artic and Antarctic regions
52
Mesophile
grows in temp 20-40 degrees Celcius | - Grow in the human body 37 degrees celcius
53
Thermophile
Loves/lives in hot temp 40-90 degrees celcius
54
Hyperthermophile
Loves/lives in very hot temp above 80 degrees celcius | -members of archaea
55
The chill is an indication
competition for supremesy between the invader and immune system.
56
99-101 fever is good or bad?
good, if you can take it for a while. 103-104 is bad.. more kids run these fevers Pyogens increase fever!
57
Facultative anaerobe
Grows best if O2 is present, but can also grow without it
58
Microaerophile
requires SMALL amounts of O2, but higher concentrations are inhibitory -gut, vagina, mouth*
59
Is pasteurization sterilization?
NO!
60
Can prokaryotes live in all environments?
Yes! some live in habitats favored by humans or harsh environments
61
Halophilic
Salt loving
62
Barophilic
deeper in water
63
obligate aerobe
requires O2
64
obligate anaerobe
just grow in carbon dioxide
65
Extremophiles
live in harsh environments, most are archaea
66
What conditions influence microbial growth?
temp, atmosphere, pH, water availability
67
Pyschotrophs
- food spoilage | 20 -30 degrees celcius
68
Obligate aerobs and Facultative anaerobes
both AEROBIC - incubated air 20% O2 shaken to provide max aeration
69
Important bacteria grow best in increased CO2
Neisseria and Haemophilus | -capnophiles, by incubating candle jars
70
Do all microorganisms need water for growth?
TRUE
71
What makes water unavailable to cell?
dissolved salts, sugars -preserve food! | solute higher outside, water follows so osmosis happens
72
What microbes withstand high salt?
Halotolerant- withstand 10% staphylococcus | Halophiles- require high salt concentrtions like marine bacteria, dead sea, utahs salt flats
73
Bacteria survive a range of pH; have optimum
TRUE, most maintain constant internal pH typically near neutral (NUETROPHILES)
74
If acidic environment
Pump OUT protons... food preserved when increased acidity
75
If alkaline environment
Bring IN protons
76
H pylori grows in stomach by
producing urease to split urea into CO2 and ammonia to decrease acidity of surroundings
77
Acidophiles grow at pH below
5.5
78
Alkaliphiles grow at pH above
8.5
79
Picrophilus oshmiae optimum pH of less than
1
80
Viruses
come in an amazing variety of shapes and sizes. They are very small and are measured in nanometers, which is one-billionth of a meter. Viruses can range in thesize between 20 to 750nm, which is 45,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair. The majority of viruses cannot be seen with a light microscope because the resolution of a light microscope is limited to about 200nm, so a scanning electronmicroscope is required to view most viruses.
81
The basic struc of a virus
made up of a genetic information molecule and a protein layer that protects that information molecule.
82
The arrangement of protein layer is
genetic information comes in a variety of presentations. | The core of the virus is made up of nucleic acids, which then make up the genetic information in the form of RNA or DNA.
83
Capsid in virus
The protein layer that surrounds and protects the nucleic acids
84
DO viruses have mitochondria?
NO not alive
85
Virion
When a single virus is in its complete form and has reached full infectivity outside of the cell
86
Virus structure can be
icosahedral, enveloped, complex or helical(bullet).
87
Protein coat called Capsid is made up of several subunits called
capsemeres...which you can count that tells what kind of virus it is
88
Nucleic acid + capsid is called
Nucleocapsid
89
some viruses have an envelope.. if they don't they are called
Naked virus if it does envelope virus
90
envelope viruses have spikes and certain one is called
influenza, the spikes contain hemaglutium and NEURAMINIDASE*
91
Icosahedral
- Spherical looking - equilateral triangles fused together in a sphere - genetic material inside the capsid - release viruses when they die, lysed, broken down, and release Virions - EX: RHINOVIRUS, POLIOVIRUS, ADENOVIRUS
92
Envelope viruses are
icosahedral or helical struc surround by lipid bilayer which means its encased or enveloped. - Virus is exiting the cell via budding, infectivity of these viruses is most dependent on the envelope. - INFLUENZA, HEP C, HIV
93
Helical viruses are
- Have capsid with central cavity or hollow - tube made by proteins arranged in circular fashion, disc like. disc shapes attached helically like Slinky, with room for nucleic acid in the middle. - ALL FILAMENTOUS VIRUSES ARE HELICAL IN SHAPE. 15-19nm width, length 300-500 nm around - TOBACCO MOSAIC CIRCUS
94
Complexes
- Combination of Icosahedral & helical shape that may have a complex outer wall or head tail morphology - head tail morphology is unique that only infect bacteria known as bacteriophages !
95
What kind of phage enters the bacteria in complex bacteriophages?
Nucleic acids (Phage DNA)
96
Viron is a virus
that attacks humans, and anchors the cell which opens up and nucleic acid comes out, completely assembled, infectious virus outside its host cell!
97
Is there anything such as a viral cell?
NO there is bacterial cell!
98
Naked Viruses are composed of
a nucleocapsid, a capsid with enclosed genome
99
contain single- or double-stranded DNA genomes Replicated in host cell DNA -CAN REPRODUCE!!
DNA viruses
100
RNA viruses
contain single- or double-stranded RNA genomes. Replicated at host cell ribosomes -CANT REPRODUCE!
101
are replicated indirectly through a DNA intermediate using an reverse transcriptase enzyme.
Retroviruses
102
Viruses don't reproduce they
injects itself, uses a cells DNA to make new particles so replication instead of reproduce!
103
How to inject RNA into cell?
Virus needs an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to convert RNA-> DNA to reproduce. - AIDS medication has inhibitors towards reverse transcriptase!
104
normally, the body surrounds a tumor with a capsule of connective tissue.
benign tumor
105
Tumor cells can break free from the capsule and spread to other tissues of the body (metastasis).
Malignant tumor
106
60–90% of human cancers are associated with
carcinogens
107
Viruses are responsible for what percent of human tumors?
20%
108
Burkitt Lymphoma, a tumor of the jaw.
Epstein-Barr Virus
109
Cervical cancer is associated with
HPV.. now have vaccines against this
110
What viruses transform infected cells
Oncogenic viruses
111
are responsible for 30-50% of the cases of the common cold.
Rhinoviruses | -More than 200 different virus strains can cause common cold
112
uses its tail to attach to the bacterium, creates a hole in the cell wall, and then inserts its DNA into the cell using the tail as a channel.
Bacteriophage | - Poxvirus called variola which causes smallpox is the LARGEST in size has complex struc (icosahedral & helical)
113
NEURAMINIDASE in enveloped virus
Snatched the virus because it cleaved the sialic acid to let it go. By ENDOCYTOSIS! Take a piece of cell membrane with it when leave... so not naked anymore? - animal, plant, microorganisms -exist as antigens- stimulate production of antibodies
114
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
produces a N that facilitates the formation of biofilms that contribute to its pathogenesis.
115
Tamiflu
inhibit the release of Influenza A an B from the host cell, stopping replication. - have 10 diff Neuraminidase!
116
Hemagglutinin happens when we get the flu in res tract...
over a dozen of them but we know 3 H 1, H2, H3. | H5- attacks digestive system of birds.
117
What does Hemagglutinin bind to?
Sugar proteins on the cell surface
118
H-N protein is a
single viral protein, Allowing virus to stick to a potential host cell and cut itself if necessary - MUMPS, HUMAN PARAINFLUENZA - AVIAN PATHO NEW CASTLE DISEASE VIRUS
119
Antigenic drift
Includes an accumulation of mutations within genes that code for the antibody binding site that were originally targeted against the present strains - cant give same flu shot, same as last year - occurs in influenza A, B, C - most in A
120
Antigenic shift
Major change in influenza A viruses - H- N proteins in influenze viruses that affect humans - most people not immune when this happens
121
Difference between shift and drift?
Shift happens occasionally, drift happens all the time. Type A viruses undergo both kinds of changes; influenza type B viruses change only by the more gradual process of antigenic drift.
122
Example of Antigenic shift Avian influenza is bad because
pigs, mammalian hosts, birds When 2 different strains of influenza infect the same cell simultaneously, the capsid and envelope are removed simultaneously. -The host now forms new viruses which combine their antigens.
123
H3N2 H5N1 form
H5N2 - human immune system has trouble recognizing the new strain - NEW PANDEMIC

Micro (3 decks)

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