INTRO TO MICROBIAL WORLD Flashcards by Quennie Ann Silverio

the study of living things too small

to be seen without magnification

Microbiology

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Carolus Linnaeus (Swedish) developed
______and
animals and grouping similar organisms together

taxonomic system for naming plants

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Leeuwenhoek’s microorganisms

grouped into six categories as follows:

■ Fungi
■ Protozoa
■ Algae
■ Bacteria
■ Archaea
■ Small animals

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● Eukaryotic (have membrane-bound nucleus)
● Obtain food from other organisms (saprophytic)
● Possess cell walls

FUNGI

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multicellular; have hyphae;

reproduce by sexual and asexual spores.

Molds

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unicellular; reproduce asexually
by budding; some produce sexual
spores. T

Yeasts

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● Single-celled eukaryotes
● similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular
structure
● Live freely in water

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T or F

Protozoa can reproduce sexually and asexually

True

mostly asexual

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cell extensions that flow

in direction of travel

Pseudopodia

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extensions of a cell that are
fewer, longer, and more whiplike than
cilia

Flagella

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Aside from locomotion, they can be used

for ___ between bacteria

genetic exchange

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● Unicellular or multicellular
● Photosynthetic (that’s why there are green algae)
● Simple reproductive structures

ALGAE

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● Unicellular and lack nuclei
● Much smaller than eukaryotes
● Found everywhere there is sufficient moisture;
some found in extreme environments (resistant
bacteria)

BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA

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Bacteria and archaea reproduce____

asexually

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cell walls contain 
peptidoglycan which is very reinforced 
that’s why the primary goal of most 
antibiotics is to puncture holes in cell wall;
some lack cell walls; most do not cause 
disease and some are beneficial, 
composed of prokaryotic cell

Bacteria

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cell walls composed of

polymers other than peptidoglyca

Archaea

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● When decaying meat was kept isolated from flies,
maggots never developed
● Meats exposed to flies were soon infested
● As a result, scientists began to doubt Aristotle’s
theory

REDI’S EXPERIMENT

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● When the “swan-necked flasks” remained
upright, no microbial growth appeared
● When the flask was tilted, dust from the ben in the
neck seeped back into the flask and made the
infusion cloudy with microbes within a day

PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENTS

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Pasteur pioneered the study of this vaccine

Rabies

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he developed germ theory of disease

Pasteur

studied causative agents of

disease

Robert Koch

Four steps to follow to show that a
particular organism is a causative agent
of a particular disease:

1. A certain organism is present in 
a particular disease
2. Isolate that particular organism 
from that disease 
3. That organism can be placed in 
another host, and that host will 
develop the same disease as the 
first one
4. The organism that was 
discovered in the first host will be 
the same organism that was 
discovered in the first host.

Identified the cause of Anthrax

Robert Koch

● Simple staining techniques

● 1st photomicrograph of bacteria

KOCH’S EXPERIMENTS

sequence of experimental steps to show that a specific microorganism causes a particular disease

Koch’s postulates

- first introduced and study the | smallpox vaccine, field of immunology

Jenner’s vaccine

field of chemotherapy

Ehrlich’s “magic bullets”

determined that genes are contained in | molecules of DNA

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

established that a gene's activity is related to protein function

Beadle and Tatum

proposed that gene sequences could provide understanding of evolutionary relationships and processes

Pauling

● Genes in microbes, plants and animals manipulated for practical applications. ● Production of human blood clotting factor by E. coli to aid hemophiliacs.

Recombinant DNA technology

Inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one in humans by inserting desired gene into host cells

Gene Therapy

The study of blood serum

Serology

existence in | the blood of chemicals that fight infection

Von Behring and Kitasato

The study of the body’s defense against | specific pathogens.

Immunology

Fleming discovered ____

Penicillin

Domagk discovered ____

Sulfa drugs

VRE

Vancomycin Resistant | Enterococcus

VRSA

Vancomycin Resistant | Staphylococcus aureus

Transformation of energy by converting chemicals and energy into cellular components (anabolism) and decomposing organic matter (catabolism).

Metabolism

The ability to produce new individual organisms either asexually, from a single parent organism or sexually, from at least two parent organisms.

Reproduction

Types of Microorganisms Based on Acquiring | Nutrition

● Autotrophic ● Heterotrophic ● Saprophytic or Saprobic

``` The Phylogenetic group of Golden-brown algae that includes those algae whose chloroplasts contain chlorophylls A and C, as well as the various colorless forms that are closely related to them. ```

Chromista

■ Fatty Acid Profiles ■ True bacteria, cell wall with peptidoglycan ■ Have a prokaryotic cell type

Eubacteria

Odd bacteria that live in extreme environments (i.e. floor of volcanoes), high salt, heat, etc.)

Archaebacteria

■ Have a nucleus and organelles ■ Have a eukaryotic cell type ■ Worms, Animals, Birds

Eukarya

The GIANT all-inclusive category based | on the unique call type

Domain

The smallest and most specific

Species