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Intro to microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

How have pathogens shaped human evolution

A

-shaped immune system (we have to fight infections)

  • Invaded genomes (endogenous retroviruses)
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2
Q

How do we catagorise pathogens

A

BSL-1

  • Unlikely to cause disease
  • GUT bacteria

BSL-2

  • Can cause disease but unlikely to spread
    • due to vaccination or high prevalence(chicken pox)

BSL-3

  • Can cause disease AND Spread but treatments are available
    • hepatitis C

BSL-4

  • Deadliest!!!!!!!!!
  • Causes serious disease, will spread and usually no treatment (example: Ebola virus)
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3
Q

Prions

What are prions

A

A mutant protein = Prion protein

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4
Q

Prions

What can prions do in the body

A

Can cause other normal proteins to fold abnormally (spongiform encephalopathy)

  • Aggregates of abnormal proteins in the brain
  • can cause degeneration of brain tissue
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5
Q

Prions

What is the normal prion called that we express on neuoronal tissues and tonsils

A

Prion protein (PrPc)

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6
Q

Prion

What is the abonormal prion protein called

A

PrPsc = is the abnormal protein

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7
Q

Prions

What diseases can prions cause

A
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
  • Kuru
  • Mad cow disease or vCJD
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8
Q

Prions

How can we pass down CJD

A
  • Sporadic (mutation)
  • Familial (passed down germline)
  • Transmission (like mad cow disease vCJD)
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9
Q

Prions

How can CJD be transmitted

A
  • Oral
  • Operative (neuronal tissue)
  • Blood
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10
Q

Prions: CJD

What are the treatments for CJD

A

It’s 100 % fatal

  • No treatment
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11
Q

Prions

Why are infections caused by prions hard to treat?

A
  • They have high resistance to disinfectants and heat
  • Hard to remove and/or inactivate
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12
Q

Prions

What is kuru

like what is it a form of

A

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE)

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13
Q

Prions

Where was kuru first identified

A

in Papua New Guinea in 1960’s

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14
Q

Prions

What is the cause of kuru

A

ritual of eating the dead (so it’s orally transmitted)

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15
Q

Prions

What is the cause of mad cow disease (vCJD)

A

Caused by feeding cows meat and bonemeal (oral)

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16
Q

Prions

Does mad cow disease only affect cows

A

Sheep can also get it

also humans

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17
Q

Prions

what prion can cause mad cow disease in humans

A

Bovine prion can cause disease in humans

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18
Q

Prions

Why do people think that mad cow disease may cause more deaths in the future

A

due to long incubation period

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19
Q

Viruses

What is the baltimore classification and

what does it classify based on

A

Classfies viruses
developed on how viruses synthesise their messenger RNA

Has 7 classes

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20
Q

Virus

What things do viruses have in common

A

- Same basic viral lifestyle
- **Alternative splicing,
- which increases the coding capacity of viral genomes
- Genome segmentation (most)**
- → this is better for evolution
- → E.G. viral genes are encoded on separate bits of DNA/RNA
- Host range
-> can be found across prokaryotes, eukaroytes and archea
some restricted to one host, others can jump into different species

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21
Q

Virus

Are viruses alives

A

Hm they are dead ish
- Not a cell
- Live in a shell or protein called a capsid
- Contain nucleic acids
- Can be enveloped or non-enveloped
- NEED a host to replicate!!!!

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22
Q

Virus

What is the viral lifestyle

Some variation due to genome and other factors

A
  1. Attach to host cell
  2. Entry into host cell
  3. Release of viral genome from capsid
  4. Replication of viral genome
  5. Assembly of new virions
  6. Eject the new virions from cell
  7. REPEAT !!!!
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23
Q

Virus

How can viruses effect host cells

A
  • Some viruses integrate into the host genome (HIV)
  • Cell death
    • Due to production of lots of virions
  • Cell fusion = syncytia
  • Increased cell proliferation
  • Papillomaviruses
    • take over TFs
  • Latent infection = no clinical manifestation until the virus reactivates (Herpesviruses)
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24
Q

Virus classifications

What is group 1

Give examples of viruses in this group

A

double stranded DNA virus

Herpesviruses, papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses & poxviruses

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25
# Viruses group 1 What is the Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)
Causes chicken pox upon initial infection
26
# Viruses group 1 Where is latency for VZV
Found in dorsal root ganglia
27
# Group 1; dsDNA viruses What can cause of reactvation the VZV
stress
28
# Group 1; dsDNA viruses When VZV gets reactivated what does it turn into | how does it also present
- Shingles - pattern of rash shows which neurones are affected is latent VZV
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# Group 1; dsDNA viruses Does the UK vaccinate against VZV
No - UK does not but you can pay for the vaccine - go down the route of chicken pox parties
31
# Group II – ssDNA Viruses What is the second group
single strand DNA viruses
32
# Group II – ssDNA Viruses Do single strand DNA viruses infect humans
Few do...but when they do they barley
33
# Group II – ssDNA Viruses What is the single strand DNA virus found in humans called
Torque Teno Virus (formally transfusion transmitted virus) | Found in 90% of adults worldwide
34
# Group II – ssDNA Viruses What is most known Group II – ssDNA Viruse called
Parvoviruses ## Footnote Canine parvo can kill young puppies
35
# Group III – dsRNA Viruses What is group 3 called
double strand RNA
36
# Group III – dsRNA Viruses Give example of double strand RNA virus
Rotaviruses Can cause gastrointestinal issues like diarrhoea and vomiting
37
# Group III – dsRNA Viruses Rotaviruses can be very serious in babies and young kids What do we do about it?
Rotavirus vaccine offered to babies | 2x doses (1st at 8 weeks, 2nd at 12 weeks)
38
# Group IV – ssRNA (+ve) RNA Viruses What is group 4
single strand RNA virus
39
Can single strand RNA virus affect humans
Yes
40
# Group IV – ssRNA (+ve) RNA Viruses Give examples of single strand RNA viruses
noroviruses, enteroviruses, flaviviruses, coronaviruses, astroviruses
41
# Group IV – ssRNA (+ve) RNA Viruses Why is there a +ve on Group IV – ssRNA (+ve) RNA Viruses
Positive sense so genome is mRNA
42
# Group IV – ssRNA (+ve) RNA Viruses What type of group 4 virus is zika
flavivirus | can infect humans
43
# Group IV – ssRNA (+ve) RNA Viruses How can zika virus be transmitted
mosquitos & bodily fluids
44
# Group IV – ssRNA (+ve) RNA Viruses How do we treat zika virys
pain relief, rest and hydration
45
# Group IV – ssRNA (+ve) RNA Viruses what can zika virus cause
- Microcephaly in neonates - Neurological disorders (Guillain-Barre syndrome)
46
# Group V – ssRNA (-ve) RNA Viruses What is group 5
Negative single strand RNA virus
47
# Group V – ssRNA (-ve) RNA Viruses Why are these the worst viruses
high % fatality rate
48
# Group V – ssRNA (-ve) RNA Viruses Give examples
Lyssavirus (Rabies), Influenza, Ebola, Marburg, Arenaviruses, Hantaviruses
49
# Group V – ssRNA (-ve) RNA Viruses What can ebola cause
haemorrhagic fevers - Broad ranging symptoms - typically characterised by blood in vomit/stools
50
# Group V – ssRNA (-ve) RNA Viruses What strai of ebola is the most common
Zaire strain | 90% mortality
51
# Group V – ssRNA (-ve) RNA Viruses How do we end outbreaks of ebola
Infection control
52
# Group VI – ssRNA-RT Viruses What is group 6
single strand RNA viruses that have reverse transcriptase activity | - Viruses have DNA intermediate from RNA - Reverse transcription
53
# Group VI – ssRNA-RT Viruses Give example of a group 5 virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 = HIV-1 | HIV-1 is a lifelong infection progresses into AIDs ## Footnote DNA stage (provirus) integrates into the host genome
54
# Group VI – ssRNA-RT Viruses AIDS is the failure of the immune system, what can happen as a result of this?
Other opportunistic pathogens can cause disease
55
# Group VI – ssRNA-RT Viruses HIV is known as zoonotic virus, how?
Originally jumped from chimps into humans | Restricted now due to human adaptation
56
# Group VII – dsDNA-RT Viruses What is group 7
double strand DNA and reverse transciptise
57
Why is group 7 known as "the weirdest group of viruses"
- they are DNA viruses but have an RNA intermediate step - Use reverse transcription in virions to make their genomes
58
# Group VII – dsDNA-RT Viruses Give me an example of group 7 virus
Hepatitis B Virus
59
# Group VII – dsDNA-RT Viruses Why can Hep B be problamtic despite having an extremely good vaccine
- 95% plus of adults and older children can clear the acute infection -Drops to ~ 5 % in young children where it becomes chronic | 820K deaths due to HBV in 2019
60
# Group VII – dsDNA-RT Viruses What can Hep B go onto cause
hepatocellular carcinoma | Chronic carriers have a 40% chance of death from HCC due to infection
61
# Bacteria What is the realtionship between humans and bacteria
Not all bacterial species cause disease - many can cause disease (but choose not to) - others will always be pathogenic (they want to cause to disease) - for example Salmonella Typhi has no reservoir outside of humans - some are opperteruntic (if the chance to be the bad guy arises, then they will take) - for example Pseudomonas will infect body if it has a chance - anaerobes → can infect wounds if deep
62
# Bacteria Are bacteria versatile in their ranges of shape
Yes for example they can be cocci, bacilli,
63
# Bacteria What is the general structure of bacteria
- Prokaryotes - have no membrane bound organelles (like a nucleus) - Usually have cell wall - made out of peptidoglycan - Can have appendages such as - flagella - frimbriae
64
# Bacteira How do we classfiy bacteria
Usually based on nucleic acids but... there is large divison (they are either gram negative or gram positive)
65
# Bacteria What is the difference between gram positive bacteria and gram negative
**Gram negative bacteria ** - stain pink - because have double membranes - examples inc ecoli **Gram positive ** - stain purple - because have single membranes - examples inc Staphylococci (E.G. MRSA) and Streptococci
66
# Bacteria How can bacteria cause disease
some bacteria invade cells(salmonella) Toxin production, direct tissue damage - Host response - Immune system
67
# Bacteria What are bacterial toxins called and why do bacteria make them
- Exotoxins – proteins secreted by bacteria - Synthesised for a number of reasons - Destroy host cells - Release cellular contents - Allow invasion
68
# Bacteria Clostridium botulinum is a bacteria that produces toxins What do these toxins do?
- Food poisoning - Lethal neurotoxin that causes paralysis ## Footnote - but we use it for botox
69
# Bacteria What is Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Endotoxin - Found on Gram NEGATIVE bacteria
70
# Bacteria What does Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) do/cause
Major immune stimulator - Causes Sepsis - Only Lipid A is toxic - which is what causes the major immune response | Specificty caused by terminal repeat reigons (salmonella has over 1000)
71
# Bacteria Why do bacteria have flagella and what do they do
- Use: Molecular motors used to swim Why? - Chemotaxis - Can move bacteria towards or away from chemical attractants/repellents | Flagella are often immunogenic and cause inflammation ## Footnote Important in pathogensis
72
# Bacteria What are fimbrae (Pili) what are there functions
- Shorter and finer than flagella - Have different functions - Attachment to host cells (UTIs) - Host cell invasion - Roles in conjugation - Conjugation = transfer of plasmid DNA - This can drive AMR
73
# Fungi Are fungi single celluar or multicelluar
Both!
74
# Fungi Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaroytic
EUKARYOTIC
75
# Fungi Why are fungi harder to treat
Similar to human cells (since they are also eukaryotic)
76
# Fungi Do fungi have a cell wall
yes and it's made out of chitin
77
# Fungi There are useful fungi though, can you give some examples
- Yeast - Moulds - Mushrooms
78
# Fungi What is the structure of Fungus
- Can be single cells but many grow as hyphae - Cylindrical tubes which interconnect = mycelium - Mycelium can be very large ## Footnote -Armillaria ostoyae grows very large there a national forest with 2,200 acres of fungi
79
# Fungi Fungal infections can act like pathogens and viruses True or false
False Can act as parasites or **pathogens**
80
# Fungi Can fungal infections be life threatning
Yes and No we can have simple infections like athletes foot some can be serious, life-threatening infections (E.G. Aspergillus infection in the lungs)
81
# Fungi What is the most common oral fungal condition
Thrush
82
# Fungi What fungus causes thrush
Candida albicans (a type of yeast)
83
# Parasites Are parasites always small
Parasites can also include larger, complex organisms | for example tapeworms
84
# Parasites An example of a parasite is protoza Can you name two disease this can cause
- Malaria - caused around 619,000 deaths - - Trypanosomes - African Sleeping sickness - fatal without treatment
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IIH (7 decks)

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