INTRO TO MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
absence of cell wall
A
Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma genera
2
Q
[microbial classification]
ability of an organism to reproducibly stain a particular color with the application of specific dyes and reagents
A
staining characteristics
3
Q
- responsible for bacterial motility
- rotary in motion
A
flagella
4
Q
nonmotile, long, hollow protein tubes that connect two bacterial cells and mediate DNA exchange.
A
pili
5
Q
Based on various genetic and phenotypic characteristics shared among the species.
A
Genus
6
Q
[type of classification]
- Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
A
Domains
7
Q
movement of photosynthetic bacteria toward the light
A
phototaxis
8
Q
study of microorganisms, a large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cells or cell clusters
A
microbiology
9
Q
[type of classification]
- contains similar orders
A
Class
10
Q
[microbial classification]
ability of an organism to grow at various temperatures, in the presence of oxygen and other gases, at various pH levels, or in the presence of other ions & salts
A
environmental requirments
11
Q
movement toward the optimal oxygen concentration
A
aerotaxis
12
Q
three (3) regions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
A
- antigenic O-specific polysaccharide
- core polysaccharide
- inner lipid A (endotoxin)
13
Q
[type of classification]
- specific epithet
- lowercase Latin adjective or noun
- most exclusive taxa
A
Species
14
Q
[true or false]
some bacilli are curved
A
true
15
Q
bacilli with tapered, pointed ends
A
fusiform
16
Q
[true or false]
not all helical bacteria are called spirochetes
A
true
17
Q
lacks the rigidity of the cell wall
A
pleomorphic
18
Q
other components unique to gram-positive cell wall
A
teichoic acid & lipoteichoic acid
19
Q
five (5) rings of gram-negative flagella
A
- L-ring
- P-ring
- S-ring
- M-ring
- C-ring
20
Q
the outermost structure of the cell
A
cell envelope
21
Q
[microbial classification]
microbial growth patterns on artificial media as observed when inspected with the unaided eye
A
macroscopic morphology
22
Q
act as virulence factors in helping the pathogen evade phagocytosis
A
glycocalyx
23
Q
five (5) group of organisms under Microbiology
A
bacteria
parasites
fungi
viruses
prions
24
Q
have a gram-positive cell wall structure but also contain a waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids (mycolic acid)
A
acid-fast cell wall
25
a single flagellum may reside at both ends of the cell
amphitrichous flagella
26
two major type of cell walls
gram-positive & gram-negative
27
bilayered structure composed of lipopolysaccharide, which gives the surface of gram-negative bacteria a net negative charge
outer membrane
28
movement of respiratory bacteria toward alternative electron acceptors
electron acceptor taxis
29
Under adverse physical and chemical conditions or when nutrients are scarce
endospore
30
method for organizing microorganisms into groups or taxa based on similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits
classification
31
bears a set of rings: one pair in gram-positive bacteria and two pairs in gram-negative bacteria.
basal body
32
bacilli align themselves side by side
palisading
33
- transport of solutes into and out of the cell
- housing of enzymes involved in outer membrane synthesis, cell wall synthesis, and the assembly and secretion of extracytoplasmic and extracellular substances
- generation of chemical energy (ATP)
- cell motility
- mediation of chromosomal segregation during replication
- housing of molecular sensors that monitor chemical and physical changes in the environment
cytoplasmic membrane
34
very thick protective peptidoglycan (murein) layer
gram-positive cell wall
35
[type of classification]
- contains similar species
Genus
36
also referred to as peptidoglycan or murein layer
cell wall
37
storage form of inorganic phosphates
polyphosphate
38
contains the murein layer, consists of gel-like substances that assist in the capture of nutrients from the environment
periplasmic space
39
periplasm is found only in __________
gram-negative bacteria
40
eight (8) classifications under Microbiology
Domains
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
41
sticky, proteinaceous, hairlike appendages that adhere some bacterial cells to one another and to environmental surfaces
fimbriae
42
- short curved structure
- act as the universal joint between the motor in the basal structure and the flagellum
hook
43
[microbial classification]
exhibition of a characteristic inherent resistance to specific antibiotics, heavy metals, or toxins
resistance profiles
44
storage form of glucose
glycogen
45
[microbial classification]
size, shape, intracellular inclusions, cellular appendages, and arrangement of cells when observed with the aid of microscopic magnification
microscopic morphology
46
N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid
Disaccharides
47
naming of organisms according to established rules and guidelines set
nomenclature
48
[type of classification]
- contains similar classes
- equivalent to the division taxa in botany
Phylum
49
cell wall composed of _________ macromolecule, also known as the _________
peptidoglycan, murein layer
50
pili is also known as _________
conjugation pili
51
[type of classification]
- contains similar genera
Family
52
________ and ________ are best stained with acid-fast stain
Mycobacterium, Nocardiae
53
examples of genotype characteristics
base sequencing & base composition ratio of:
- DNA
- RNA
54
present in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is the deepest layer of the cell envelope.
cytoplasmic membrane
55
responsible of producing fever and shock conditions in patients infected with gram-negative bacteria
LPS (lipid A)
56
[true or false]
bacilli have only rounded ends
false
has square and rounded ends
57
the inner peptidoglycan layer is much thinner
gram-negative cell wall
58
contains different species that have several important features in common
Genus
59
contains several enzymes involved in the degradation of macromolecules and detoxification of environmental solutes, including antibiotics that enter through the outer membrane
periplasmic space
60
function is to stabilize the outer membrane and anchor it to the peptidoglycan layer
lipoprotein
61
it is never found in the cell walls of Archaea or eukaryotes
Diaminopimelic acid
62
mechanism by which a change in cell behavior is brought about in response to a change in the environment
sensory transduction
63
entire cell surface may be covered with flagella
peritrichous flagella
64
[microbial classification]
- DNA comprises four bases (guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine).
- The extent to which the DNA from two organisms is made up of cytosine and guanine relative to their total base content can be used as an indicator of relatedness or lack thereof
DNA base composition ratio
65
function in the storage of energy or as a reservoir of structural building blocks
inclusion bodies
66
provides attachment sites that enhance attachment to host cell
cell membrane
67
composed of high molecular weight polysaccharides, protect bacteria from attack by components of the human immune system
capsule
68
the most abundant protein of gram-negative cells
lipoprotein
69
[type of classification]
- contains similar families
Order
70
movement towards sugars and amino acids
chemotaxis
71
contain only two basal body rings: One is embedded in the peptidoglycan layer, and the second is embedded in the cell membrane.
gram-positive flagella
72
major lipid component of acid-fast cell wall
mycolic acid
73
[microbial classification]
the extent to which sequences are homologous (similar) between two microorganisms can be determined directly/indirectly by various molecular methods
Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) base sequence characteristics
74
________ initiate mating or conjugation only with ________
F-positive cells, F-negative cells
75
collection of bacterial strains that share common physiologic and genetic features and differ notably from other microbial species
Species
76
cover the bacterial surface and exclude hydrophobic compounds
O antigen
77
multiple flagella may be present at the same end of the cell
lophotrichous flagella
78
[microbial classification]
molecular constituents of the cell that are typical of a particular taxon, or organism group, as established by various analytic groups
subcellular properties
79
sex pilus is present only in cells that produce a protein referred to as the?
F factor
80
_________ vary in length and in the number of helical turns
spirochetes
81
[microbial classification]
chemical constituents of the cell, such as the structure of teichoic acids, fatty acid analysis, and protein profiles, as determined by analytical methods
chemotaxonomic properties
82
readily observable physical and functional features of an organism expressed by its genotype
Phenotype
83
composed of protein flagellin
flagella
84
acts as a barrier to hydrophobic compounds and harmful substances
outer membrane
85
controls the passage of nutrients and other solutes, including antibiotics, through the outer membrane
porins
86
contains thousands of enzymes and is the site of protein synthesis
cytosol
87
examples of phenotype characteristics:
- macroscopic
- microscopic
- morphology
- staining
- nutritional requirements
- physiologic / biochemical
- susceptibility / resistance to antibiotics
88
- prokaryotic cell
- unicellular
- lack nuclear membrane
- lack true nucleus
- no mitochondria
- no endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- no golgi bodies
bacteria
89
[type of classification]
- contains similar divisions or phyla
- most inclusive taxa
Kingdom
90
contains proteins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
gram-negative cell wall
91
have diaminopimelic acid in their cell wall
gram-negative cell wall
92
formed by prokaryotes when carbon is in excess
glycogen
93
contain genera, such as Mycobacterium and Nocardia
acid-fast cell wall
94
[microbial classification]
ability of an organism to utilize various carbon and nitrogen sources as nutritional substrates when grown under specific environment conditions
nutritional requirements
95
- anti-phagocytic
- twitching motility
pili
96
two (2) common types of granules
- glycogen
- polyphosphate
97
equipped with a basal body structure that contains five rings
gram-negative flagella
98
flagella located at one end of the cell
monotrichous flagella
99
plural of genus
Genera
100
bacteria occur in three (3) basic shapes
- cocci (spherical)
- bacilli (rod-shaped)
- spirochetes (spiral)
101
- group of organisms
- contain multiple genera and consists of organisms with a common attribute
Family
102
other genetic elements in the cytosol
plasmids
103
singular form of fimbriae
fimbria
104
formation of "slime layers" or biofilms
glycocalyx
105
ICNB / BC
International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria / Bacteriological Code
106
produced when the source of nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorous is limited and there is excess carbon in the medium
poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)
107
[microbial classification]
profiles of microorganisms established by various serologic and immunologic methods to determine relatedness among various microbial groups
antigenic properties
108
singular form of pili
pilus
109
genetic makeup of an organism, or combinations of forms of one or a few genes under scrutiny in an organism’s genome
Genotype
110
extends from one end of the bacterium
polar flagella
111
encloses the cytoplasm
cytoplasmic / cell membrane
