Intro to Microbioloy Flashcards
Zacharias Janssen
Created the first compound microscope (uses more than one lens for magnification) Magnification ranged 3x to 9x
Robert Hooke
Presented the first published depiction of a microorganism, the micro-fungus Mucor
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
First person to observe and describe protozoa, red blood cells, the sperm cells of animal and bacteria. He had no scientific training
Aristotle
Spontaneus Generation Theory
Abiogenesis
Theory that addreses the actual origins of life on Earth; Scientists speculate that life may have arisen as a result of random chemical processes happening to replicating molecules.
Francesco Redi
Disproved spontaneous generation for large organisms by showing that maggots arose from meat only when flies laid eggs in the meat
John Needham
Needham’s hypothesis was that of spontaneous generation in a broth.
He boiled broth in a flask and let them cool and then later bacteria appeared.
Lazzaro Spallanzani
He boiled broth in a sealed flask and let it cool but at the end, bacteria did NOT appear.
Spallanzani concluded Microbes come from the air, and boiling will kill them.
Louis Pasteur (Broth experiment)
Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation using swan-neck flasks
Concluded that living things only come from other living things by means of reproduction. Therefore, modern life does not arise from nonliving material.
Louis Pasteur
Father of Microbiology
Proposed the Germ theory of disease
Pasteurization
Anthrax Vaccine
Rabies vaccine (Pasteur treatment)
Germ Theory of disease
States that many diseases are caused by microorganisms.
These small organisms are too small to see without magnification and invade humans, animals, and other living hosts. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease.
Louis Pasteur & Charles Chamberland
Experimented with Inoculation of an attenuated chicken cholera bacteria and discovered it does not cause disease, conceptual breakthrough for establishing protection against disease.
How did Chamberland accidentaly discover attenuated strains prevent diseases?
He left a culture growing over a short vacation ( he was supposed to inject the chickens before leaving, but he forgot)
When he returned, he injected the chickens anyway but they didn’t get sick or die.
Admitting his mistake, Pasteur said to inject the chickens with a fresh culture and they still did not get sick.
Joseph Meister
First-person inoculated against rabies by Louis Pasteur. A 9-year-old who was badly bitten by a rabid dog.
Louis Pasteur (Rabies vaccine)
The vaccine consisted of a sample of the virus harvested from infected/rabid rabbits, which was weakened by allowing it to dry for 5-10 days.
Robert Koch
Founder of modern microbiology
Groundbreaking research on tuberculosis
First, to link a specific microorganism (Anthrax) to a specific disease, rejecting spontaneous generation and supporting the germ theory of disease.
Koch’s First Postulate
The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease but should not be found in healthy organisms.
He abandoned the first postulate when he discovered asymptomatic carriers of cholera and typhoid.
Koch’s Second Postulate
The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased orgaism and grown in pure culture.
Second postulate may also be suspended for certain microorganisms or entities that cannot be grown in pure cultures, such as prions.
Koch’s Third Postulate
The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
Third specifies should and not must because as Koch himself proved in tuberculosis and cholera, not all organisms exposed to an infectious agent will acquire the infection.
Koch’s Fourth Postulate
The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
Koch’s Postulates
Definition
Four criteria that were established to identify the causative agent of a particular disease.
Why learning microbiology is essential in the veterinary curriculum?
Because you need to acquire knowledge about the infectious diseases of animals
Diagnose, treat, Prevent
One Health
Interface between Humans, Animals and the Ecosystem.
The collaboratuve effort of multiple
Global Health
Zoonotic Disease Control
Outbreak Preparedness
Address Antimicrobial Resitance
Food Safety and Security
Beneficial microbes
Probiotics and fermentation (yogurt cheese, alcohol, wine, beer)
Antibiotics ( penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol)
Vaccines, Vitamins, Enzymes
Harmful microbes
Diseases
Food spoilage
Essential Component of an Ecosystem
Cycling important nutrients (S,C,N)
Nitrogen Fixers
Methanogenic bacteria (Natural gas production)
Bioremediation ( Microbes restore stability to disturbed or polluted environments)
Transmision Electron Microscope
Tomography
Transmits electrons through an ultrathin section to show internal ultrastructural features, such as a nucleus
