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Intro to MSK Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

Define MSK system

A

Anatomical structures that allow locomotion

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2
Q

What has the MSK system evolved to allow us to do?

A

Find food or shelter
Escape predators or threats
Look after children
Use tools or weapons

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3
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where 2 bones meet

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4
Q

What are tendons?

A

cords of strong fibrous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone

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5
Q

What are ligaments?

A

sheets of fibrous connective tissue which connect two bones

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6
Q

How many bones does an adult have?

A

206 + sesamoids (bones embedded in tendons or muscles)

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7
Q

How many bones does a child have?

A

270

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8
Q

What is included in the appendicular skeleton?

A

pectoral and pelvic girdle, limbs

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9
Q

What is included in the axial skeleton?

A

cranium, vertebral column, rib cage

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10
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. Rigidity/support
  2. Movement
  3. Protection for internal organs (e.g. skull, rib cage)
  4. Mineral storage/homeostasis (e.g. regulation of calcium and phosphate)
  5. Bone marrow produces blood cells
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11
Q

What 2 things is bone composed of?

A

Cells and ECM

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12
Q

What is the organic component of ECM in bone?

A

Osteoid

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13
Q

What is the inorganic component of ECM in bone?

A

Minerals

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14
Q

Name the 4 cells in bone

A

Osteogenic cells
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts

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15
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Bone stem cells

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16
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone forming cells

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17
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete?

A

Osteoid

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18
Q

What do osteoblasts catalyse?

A

Mineralisation of osteoid

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19
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells

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20
Q

Hpw are osteocytes formed?

A

When an osteoblast becomes embedded in its own secretions

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21
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

Sense mechanical strain to direct osteoclast and osteoblast activity

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22
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

‘Bone breaking’ cells

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23
Q

Where are osteoclasts derive from?

A

Bone marrow

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24
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Dissolve and resorb bone by phagocytosis

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25
What dictates bone mineral density (BMD)?
Balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity
26
What are the 3 mechanisms of bone fracture?
Trauma Stress Pathological
27
What are the 2 types of traumatic fractures?
Low energy and high energy
28
What causes a stress fracture?
Abnormal stresses on normal bone
29
What causes a pathological fracture?
Normal stresses on abnormal bone
30
What are disease of the joints called?
Arthritis
31
What are fibrous joints?
Joints with no space between the bones
32
What is an example of a fibrous joint?
Sutures in the skull
33
What movement classification are fibrous joints?
Synarthroses (generally allow no movement)
34
What are cartilaginous joints?
Joints in which the bones are connected by cartilage
35
What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?
Joints between spinal vertebrae
36
What movement classification are cartilaginous joints?
Amphiarthroses (allow very limited movement)
37
What are synovial joints?
Joints that have a space between adjoining bones (synovial cavity) that is filled with synovial fluid
38
What movement classification are synovial joints?
Diarthroses ( allow for free movement of the joint?
39
What are the 4 types of synovial joints?
Hinge joints Ball and socket joints Pivot joints Condyloid joints
40
Name a hinge joint
Knee
41
Name a ball and socket joint
Shoulder
42
Name a pivot joint
Cervical spine
43
Name a condyloid joint
Wrist
44
What sort of movement do hinge joints have?
Monoplanar
45
What sort of movement do ball and socket joints have?
Multiplanar
46
What sort of movement do pivot joints have?
Allow limited rotating movement
47
What sort of movement do condyloid joints have?
Allow all types of movement except pivotal movements
48
What does the synovium contain?
1-3 cell deep lining containing macrophage-like phagocytic cells and fibroblast-like cells Type 1 collagen
49
What is synovial fluid?
Hyaluronic acid-rich viscous fluid
50
What does articular cartilage contain?
Type II collagen Proteoglycan (aggrecan)
51
What is cartilage composed of?
1) specialized cells (chondrocytes) 2) extracellular matrix: water, collagen and proteoglycans (mainly aggrecan)
52
What is the purpose of cartilage?
To provide a smooth lining at a joint to allow the ends of two bones to move with minimal friction
53
Does cartilage have a blood supply?
No, it is avascular
54
What are the 2 types of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis Inflammation associated arthritis
55
What causes osteoarthritis?
Loss of cartilage- it is degenerative
56
What are the 3 types of inflammation associated arthritis?
Autoimmune A Crystal A- Septic A-
57
What is autoimmune arthritis?
Where the immune system attacks the body
58
What is an example of autoimmune arthritis?
Rheumatoid arthritis
59
What is crystal arthritis?
Where crystals trigger inflammation
60
What crystals cause gout?
Urate
61
What crystals cause pseudogout?
Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD)
62
What is septic arthritis?
Bacterial infection in the joint
63
How is osteoarthritis affected by movement?
Gets worse with movement
64
How is rheumatoid arthritis affected by movement?
Worsens with inactivity
65
What type of arthritis causes prolonged morning stiffness?
Rheumatoid
66
What are the speeds of onset for the 4 types of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis: slow (months -> years) Autoimmune: subacute (usually weeks -> months) Septic arthritis: rapid (hours) Crystal arthritis: rapid (hours)
67
What are muscle pairs called?
agonists/antagonists
68
What do ligaments and tendons consist of?
Mostly type 1 collagen
69
What do ligaments connect?
Bone to bone
70
What do tendons connect?
Muscle to bone
71
What is the role of ligaments?
Restrict joint motion Stability and proprioception
72
What is the role of tendons?
Transmit forces
73
What are tendons made up of?
Collagen fibrils
74
What causes an acute tendon pathology?
Force exceeds tensile strength
75
What causes chronic tendon pathology?
Pathological response to poor biomechanics or overuse
76
What is frequently observed in tendinopathy?
Disordered collagen fibres Neovascularisation

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