Intro to musculoskeletal anatomy Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is the epiphysis of a bone?
End point of a long bone where articulation takes place
What is the metaphysis of a bone?
Neck of long bone
What is the diaphysis of a bone?
Shaft (middle) of long bone
What is a sesamoid bone?
Found within tendons to reduce wear and improve muscle efficiency
[e.g. patella]
What are flat bones?
Large surface areas for muscle attachment
Region for weight/ force transfer and protection
[e.g. scapular]
What is Wolff’s Law?
Bone is deposited and reabsorbed in accordance with the stresses placed upon it (e.g. it is able to remodel itself)
Therefore less stress = less bone
Explains why ends of bone are trabecular compared to shaft which is cortical (more dense)
What makes up the axial skeleton?
Centre of body including skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Hip bones, pectoral girdle and limbs
How do limbs form embryologically?
Grow as a bud out of the developing embryo at approx. 4/5 weeks
Digits and overall limb shape present at approx. 8 weeks
Pre-programmed cell death (apoptosis) forms digits by separation
What can cause limb abnormalities?
Exposure to teratogens (e.g. thalidomide, retinoids such as vitamin A) Genetic causes Mechanical causes (e.g. amniotic bands)
What is an amelia?
Limb defect in which a limb does not develop at all
What is meromelia?
Limb defect in which a limb partially develops
What is phocomelia?
Limb defect in which a ‘flipper’ like limb develops (e.g. no long bones develop but short bones may develop)
What is polydactyly?
Additional digits
What is syndactyly?
Webbing of digits
How does limb function differ between upper and lower?
Upper limbs = range of movement over strength
Lower limbs = strength over range of movement
What is the basic layout of limbs?
- Girdle attaching limb to axial skeleton
- Single long bone
- Paired long bones
- Arrangement of short and long bones
What makes up a synovial joint?
Hyaline cartilage covers end surface of 2 bones
Joint capsule surrounds joint/ synovial cavity
Synovium (serous membrane) lines the joint capsule and produces synovial fluid to lubricate joint
What are the differences between the pectoral and the pelvic girdle?
Increased stability in hip joint due to deeper socket making up synovial joint.
Increased mobility in as only one joint with axial skeleton (clavicle with sternum).
What are bursae?
Pockets of synovium and synovial fluid found in regions of friction/ wear
What surrounds tendons?
Sheaths of synovial fluid at points of friction or direction change
What is synovitis?
Synovium inflammation
What is tenosynovitis?
Inflammation of tendon and surrounding synovial sheath
What are the symptoms of tenosynovitis?
Pain on use
Possible tendon rupture
