Intro to Nanotechnology Flashcards

(43 cards)

1
Q

Define Nanotechnology

A

Nanotechnology: Understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers (nm)

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2
Q

If given that the surface area is 54cm^2 and volume is 27 cm^3, what is the surface area:volume ratio?

A

2:1

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3
Q

What is the relationship between surface area and volume?

A
  • There is an INVERSE relationship
  • As the object gets larger, the ratio of surface area to volume decreases
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4
Q

How does Gecko Climb on the ceiling/wall without falling?

A

Many hypotheses disproved such as:
- Suction?
- Electrostatic?
- Friction?
- Micri-interlocking?
- Capillary wet adhesion?

ANSWER: Van der Waals forces

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5
Q

What is Van der Waals forces

A
  • An attractive force between atoms or molecules.
  • Not the result of chemical bond formation, much weaker
  • Responsible for some material properties: crystal structure, melting points, boiling points, surface tension, and densities
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6
Q

An early example of a manmade nanoprocess is what

A

STAINED GLASS

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7
Q

Who coined the word “Grey Goo” which was the potential problem of self-replicating and autonomous artificial intelligence machines

A

Eric Drexler

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8
Q

What is Buckminsterfullerene?

A

one of the largest objects to have been shown to exhibit wave–particle duality (similar to photons), leading to the graphene & carbon nanotube technologies

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9
Q

How to create nanomaterials: Explain the Top-Down Approach. Provide examples

A
  • Two approaches used in producing nanotechnology systems. Top-down method is used by computer chip manufacturers.
  • Moore’s Law and Photolithography
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10
Q

How to create nanomaterials: Explain the Bottom-Up Approach. Provide examples

A
  • Bottom-up approach to manufacturing is analogous to the
    way biological systems are made
  • Self assembly through hydrogen bonds
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11
Q

Provide examples of Combinations between Top-down and bottom-up methods

A
  • Supramolecular assembly
  • nanoparticle formation
  • monolayer self-assembly
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12
Q

What occurs during a Catalyst-assisted fabrication

A

Deposition of a catalyst layer, e.g. thermal evaporation of a 10 nm thick metal film or injection of a precursor which decomposes into particles

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13
Q

Explain Nanomedicine

A
  • It is nanotechnology used for the treatment, diagnosis, monitoring and control of biological systems
    – It includes the delivery and targeting of pharmaceutical, therapeutic, and diagnostic agents using nanoparticles to cancer and other cells
    – It includes nanomaterial for bone, cartilage, vascular, bladder and neural applications
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14
Q

What are some challenges to Nanotech?

A
  • Materials are hard to handle and
    difficult to keep stable
  • Understanding nano material
    characteristics
    - A single particle silicon will no longer act like bulk silicon
    - Depends on size, shape, and environment of the particle
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15
Q

What is the goal of BioMEMS for Diagnostics?

A

Goal is to develop handheld
diagnostic devices for personalized
medical testing and treatment

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16
Q

Gold nanoparticles can be functionalized with what? What is bound to these things?

A
  • Thiolated Oligonucleatides
  • Bound to them are fluorophores
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17
Q

When the targeted RNA (H2N2, HIV or a cancer) binds to the oligonucleotide, what happens?

A

The fluorophore is released and becomes fluorescence

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18
Q

Harmless virus can used as a building block to produce contrast agents that can be used in what?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

19
Q

How can Nanoparticles be used in Cancer Treatments

A
  • Because of their small size, nanoparticles can pass through interstitial spaces between necrotic and quiescent cells.
  • Tumor cells typically have larger interstitial spaces than healthy cells
  • Particles collect in center bringing
    therapeutics to kill the tumor from inside out.
20
Q

Both cationic and anionic particles penetrate and accumulate in tumors. HOWEVER, which one diffuse throughout the tumor?

A

only cationic particles diffuse fully throughout the tumor

21
Q

Live Vaccine

Safety level?
Efficacy?

A

Safety level? LOW
Efficacy? LOW

22
Q

Subunit Vaccine

Safety level?
Efficacy?

A

Safety level? HIGH
Efficacy? LOW

23
Q

Nano Vaccine

Safety level?
Efficacy?

A

Safety level? HIGH
Efficacy? HIGH and LASTING

24
Q

In 2005, Abraxane (nanoparticle albumin–bound paclitaxel) was approved by FDA to treat
_______ _______.

A

pancreatic cancer

25
Explain Joint Lubricants as Cartilage Replacement
Simple and effective at short-term pain relief but do not address cause of the problem or repair any damage.
26
Explain Debridement / lavage / microfracture as Cartilage Replacement
- Small lesions are repaired by shaving or shaping contour of cartilage. - Microfracture penetrates subchondral plate (bone) and actually causes growth of fibrocartilage – a lesser form, not desirable
27
Explain Total Joint Replacement as Cartilage Replacement
- Addresses problem and generally allows full repair, but - Very invasive procedure, native tissue removed - Prostheses do not last a lifetime in active patients
28
A popular tissue engineering approach has been to introduce new cells, via what? Hint: (ACT/ACI).
autologous chondrocyte transplantation/implantation
29
Important to tissue engineering: Cells will differentiate purely based on what?
Mechanical stimulus
30
Hydrogels have applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Their system is biocompatible with what?
Systems are biocompatible with a hydrophobic ends (PLA) and a hydrophilic center (PEO) which self assembles in water and can form a gel under the right conditions
31
Silver is an excellent ______ agent
Anti-microbial
32
Explain Rapid Reproduction: Bacterial Infections
Bacteria can double their population as quickly as every 10 minutes
33
What are Immune resistance: Bacterial Infections examples?
- Molecular mimicry - Releasing antigen - Hiding inside cells - Inhibiting phagocytosis - Killing phagocytes
34
Explain Antibiotic Resistance: Bacterial Infections
- Creating physical barrier - Damaging the antibiotic - Genetic mutation
35
What is the Acne pathology
- Hormones (androgens) rise --> Sebum overproduction by sebaceous gland --> Follicle blockage ---> Anaerobic bacteria (P. acnes) overgrowth --> Sebum escape into the dermis --> Local inflammation
36
Explain the Lotus effect: Self cleaning
Waterproof and self-cleaning via hydrophobic layer on the lotus leaf surface
37
Quantum Dots for targeting can be utilized to do what?
Label live cells without toxicity
38
Nanotubes are small enough that they cannot be seen, so they can be _____ _____ to be used as transparent contacts
Great Conductors
39
What is the primary problem with current solar energy systems is what?
Their relative inefficiency
40
What 3 things is great about Nanocrystals
- More electrons: 3 to 1 - More energy produced - More efficient battery
41
What are 2 main potential problems with nanotechnology?
1. Disruption of economic structure 2. Security issues
42
Explain Disruption of economic structure as a problem with nanotechnology
- Products at the nano level may be cheap to create and may require very little human labor - Devaluing material and human resources
43
Explain Security Issues as a problem with nanotechnology
- Extremely small fully functional devices may become a security concern for the war on terrorism - Possible nanotech arms race