Intro to Nanotechnology Flashcards
(43 cards)
Define Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology: Understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers (nm)
If given that the surface area is 54cm^2 and volume is 27 cm^3, what is the surface area:volume ratio?
2:1
What is the relationship between surface area and volume?
- There is an INVERSE relationship
- As the object gets larger, the ratio of surface area to volume decreases
How does Gecko Climb on the ceiling/wall without falling?
Many hypotheses disproved such as:
- Suction?
- Electrostatic?
- Friction?
- Micri-interlocking?
- Capillary wet adhesion?
ANSWER: Van der Waals forces
What is Van der Waals forces
- An attractive force between atoms or molecules.
- Not the result of chemical bond formation, much weaker
- Responsible for some material properties: crystal structure, melting points, boiling points, surface tension, and densities
An early example of a manmade nanoprocess is what
STAINED GLASS
Who coined the word “Grey Goo” which was the potential problem of self-replicating and autonomous artificial intelligence machines
Eric Drexler
What is Buckminsterfullerene?
one of the largest objects to have been shown to exhibit wave–particle duality (similar to photons), leading to the graphene & carbon nanotube technologies
How to create nanomaterials: Explain the Top-Down Approach. Provide examples
- Two approaches used in producing nanotechnology systems. Top-down method is used by computer chip manufacturers.
- Moore’s Law and Photolithography
How to create nanomaterials: Explain the Bottom-Up Approach. Provide examples
- Bottom-up approach to manufacturing is analogous to the
way biological systems are made - Self assembly through hydrogen bonds
Provide examples of Combinations between Top-down and bottom-up methods
- Supramolecular assembly
- nanoparticle formation
- monolayer self-assembly
What occurs during a Catalyst-assisted fabrication
Deposition of a catalyst layer, e.g. thermal evaporation of a 10 nm thick metal film or injection of a precursor which decomposes into particles
Explain Nanomedicine
- It is nanotechnology used for the treatment, diagnosis, monitoring and control of biological systems
– It includes the delivery and targeting of pharmaceutical, therapeutic, and diagnostic agents using nanoparticles to cancer and other cells
– It includes nanomaterial for bone, cartilage, vascular, bladder and neural applications
What are some challenges to Nanotech?
- Materials are hard to handle and
difficult to keep stable - Understanding nano material
characteristics
- A single particle silicon will no longer act like bulk silicon
- Depends on size, shape, and environment of the particle
What is the goal of BioMEMS for Diagnostics?
Goal is to develop handheld
diagnostic devices for personalized
medical testing and treatment
Gold nanoparticles can be functionalized with what? What is bound to these things?
- Thiolated Oligonucleatides
- Bound to them are fluorophores
When the targeted RNA (H2N2, HIV or a cancer) binds to the oligonucleotide, what happens?
The fluorophore is released and becomes fluorescence
Harmless virus can used as a building block to produce contrast agents that can be used in what?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
How can Nanoparticles be used in Cancer Treatments
- Because of their small size, nanoparticles can pass through interstitial spaces between necrotic and quiescent cells.
- Tumor cells typically have larger interstitial spaces than healthy cells
- Particles collect in center bringing
therapeutics to kill the tumor from inside out.
Both cationic and anionic particles penetrate and accumulate in tumors. HOWEVER, which one diffuse throughout the tumor?
only cationic particles diffuse fully throughout the tumor
Live Vaccine
Safety level?
Efficacy?
Safety level? LOW
Efficacy? LOW
Subunit Vaccine
Safety level?
Efficacy?
Safety level? HIGH
Efficacy? LOW
Nano Vaccine
Safety level?
Efficacy?
Safety level? HIGH
Efficacy? HIGH and LASTING
In 2005, Abraxane (nanoparticle albumin–bound paclitaxel) was approved by FDA to treat
_______ _______.
pancreatic cancer