Intro to Nerohemoral Transmission and the Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

Components of the Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 1

1. Afferent
2. Efferent
3. Central

Question 2

Functions of the ANS

Answer 2

1. regulation of heart and cardiac contractility
2. visceral and cutaneous blood flow distribution
3. gastrointestinal motility and digestion
4. urogenital processes

Question 3

The efferent component of ANS is also known as?

Answer 3

General Visceral Efferent
(GVE)

Question 4

the General Visceral Efferent is subdivided into 2 primary branches

Answer 4

1. Parasympathetic Nervous System
2. Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 5

Organs regulating the Sympathetic Nerve Signals

Answer 5

1. Hypothalamus
2. Brainstem

Question 6

Activated in response to critical emergencies, to elicit a “fight or flight” response

Answer 6

SNS regulation

Question 7

The Parasympathetic Nervous System originates from?

Answer 7

cell bodies in the brainstem and sacral sections of the spinal cord, synapses in ganglia

Question 8

Primary functional profile of the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS)

Answer 8

1. Initiating and sustaining energy conservation and homoestasis durign periods of relative physiological rest
2. Reduction of heart rate, stimulation of gastrointestinal secretions and peristalsis, contraction of the urinary bladder, modulation of immune function

Question 9

Organs that have both SNS and PSNS innervation. Has antagonistic effects or stimulation by either of the two.

Answer 9

Dual ANS Innervation

Question 10

Controlled by the enteric nervous system together with the SNS and PSNS

Answer 10

Gastrointestinal System

Question 11

What stimulates gastrointestinal function, more dominant?

Answer 11

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS)

Question 12

The modulatory effect sympathomimetics are not prominently used in the GIT

Answer 12

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

Question 13

Provides neural information regarding the internal physiological environment. Provides neural information regarding the internal physiological environment.

Answer 13

Afferent (Sensory) Component

Question 14

Components of the ANS

Answer 14

1. Suprasinal (Brain)
2. Spinal (Vertebral Column)
3. Peripheral (Efferent and Afferent Components)

Question 15

The efferent components of both branches of the ANS uses ________ for conveying information between nerve cells and from postganglionic neurons to target cells and tissues

Answer 15

Chemical Neurotransmitters

Question 16

Types of neurons in the ANS

Answer 16

1. Adrenergic (SNS)
2. Cholinergic (PNS)
3. Non-adrenergic-Noncholinergic (NANC)

Question 17

Sites controlling the CNS (regulates the level of SNS activity)

Answer 17

Forebrain, Brainstem, Spinal neural circuits

Question 18

The principal integration and control center of the ANS

Answer 18

Hypothalamus

Question 19

Located in the intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic and cranial lumbar spinal segments

Answer 19

Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons

Question 20

Predominantly released from postganglionic SNS neurons at target organ sites (primarily binds to and activates adrenergic receptors)

Answer 20

Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)

Question 21

Fibers that synthesize and release Norepinephrine

Answer 21

Adrenergic Fibers

Question 22

Released by some postganglionic neurons, metabolic precursor to NE, (released by dopaminergic neurons)

Answer 22

Dopamine

Question 23

Analagous to ganglionic neurons, innervated by preganglionic SNS fibers and contains Nn receptors, releases epinephrine and (EPI) and NE

Answer 23

Chromaffin Cells of the Adrenal Medulla

Question 24

A subgroup of postganglionic SNS neurons that releases ACh as a neurotransmitter, binds to and activates muscarinic receptors

Answer 24

Postganglionic Sympathetic-Cholinergic Fiber

Question 25

Identified as a co transmitter along with NE in sympathetic nerves. Mediates respomses via activation of purigenic receptors that's as identified as adenosine (P1) receptors and P2X and P2Y receptors

Answer 25

Adenosine Trphosphate (ATP)

Question 26

Released with NE from sympathetic nerves, an agonist at neurokinin receptors. Modulates sympathetic neurotransmission at both pre- and postsynaptic sites.

Answer 26

Neuropeptide Y (NYP)

Question 27

Involved in parasympathetic integration and control, nuclei communicates with the brain stem autonomic centers

Answer 27

Hypothalamus or Brain Stem

Question 28

Location of the cell bodies

Answer 28

1. Brainstem Nuclei 2. Intermediolateral cell column of the sacral spinal cord

Question 29

Exits the brrainstem with their respective cranial nerves, exits the spinal cord in association with sacral spinal nerve, terminates and synapse in ganglia

Answer 29

Parasympathetic Preganglionic Axons

Question 30

Neurotransmittersof the PSNS

Answer 30

1. Preganglionic 2. Postganglionic

Question 31

Preganglionic neurotransmitters are?

Answer 31

Acetylcholine-nicotinic receptors

Question 32

Post-ganglionic neurotransmitters are?

Answer 32

Acetylcholine-muscarinic receptors

Question 33

Fibers that synthesize and release Ach

Answer 33

Cholinergic Fibers

Question 34

Are released along with Ach from many postganglionic PSNS fibers at target tissues and organs

Answer 34

Cotransmitters

Question 35

Reeases ATP as cotransporter

Answer 35

parasympathetic nerves innervating the UB

Question 36

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

Answer 36

Salivary glands

Question 37

Nerves that does not exhibit the histochemical characteristics of cholinergic and adrenergic fibers. Plays an important role in the physiological regulation of the GI tract, genitourinary tract, and select blood vessels

Answer 37

Nonadrenergic-Noncholinergic Neurons (NANC)

Question 38

Synthesized and released by NANC nerves and endothelial cells, important contributor to penile erection

Answer 38

Nitric Oxide (NO)

Question 39

Regulates the complex physiological processes associated with GI physiology

Answer 39

Enteric Nervous System

Question 40

Location of Enteric Nervous System

Answer 40

wall of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Question 41

Transmits information to the sympathetic ganglia and can modulate postganglionic sympathetic nerve outflow

Answer 41

Sensory fibers

Question 42

Extensively innervsted by NANC nerve fibers

Answer 42

Enteric Nervous System

Question 43

Enteric Nervous System is innervated by

Answer 43

1. Preganglionic PSNS nerve fibers 2. Postganglionic SNS nerve fibers

Question 44

Protein in the cholinergic neurons that play a critical role in aligning Ach-containing vesicles with functional release sites in the inner neuronal cell membrane and initiating neurotransmitter release

Answer 44

Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein

Question 45

Release sites on the presynaptic plasma membrane contain _______, interacts with VAMPs to facilitate vesicle-plasma fusion and subsequent neurotransmitter release

Answer 45

Synaptosomal nerve-associated membrane proteins (SNAPs)

Question 46

Synthesizes Ach from acetyl-coA and choline in the cytoplasm of cholinergic nerves

Answer 46

Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT)

Question 47

Synthesized in the mitochondria located in the nerve endings

Answer 47

Acetyl-CoA

Question 48

Block/inhibit the choline transport into the cell

Answer 48

hemicholiniums

Question 49

Initiates processes essential for the vesicle membrane fusion with neuronal membrane (leads to exocytotic discharge of ACh into the synaptic cleft)

Answer 49

Calcium

Question 50

Receptors in the ganglionic sites in the Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 50

nicotinic receptors

Question 51

Cells and tissues at the target sites innervated by post ganglionic nerves

Answer 51

Muscarinic receptors

Question 52

Muscarinic receptor antagonist/blocker

Answer 52

Atropine and other alkaloids

Question 53

Nicotinic receptor antagonist/blocker

Answer 53

Chlorisondamine